Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) directly abuts the lamina adventitia of conduit arteries and actively communicates with the vessel wall to regulate vascular function and inflammation. Mounting evidence suggests that the biological activities of PVAT are governed by perivascular (PV) adipocytes, a unique class of adipocyte with distinct molecular and phenotypic characteristics. Perivascular adipocytes surrounding human coronary arteries (pericoronary PV adipocytes) exhibit a reduced state of adipogenic differentiation and a heightened pro-inflammatory state, secreting up to 50-fold higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 as compared with adipocytes from other regional depots. Thus, PV adipocytes may contribute to upregulated inflammation of PVAT observed in atherosclerotic human blood vessels. On the other hand, PV adipocytes also secrete anti-inflammatory molecules such as adiponectin, and elimination of PVAT in rodent models has been shown to augment vascular disease, suggesting that some amount of PVAT is required to maintain vascular homeostasis. Evidence in animal models and in humans suggests that inflammation of PVAT may be modulated by environmental factors, such as high fat diet and tobacco smoke, which are relevant to atherosclerosis. These findings suggest that the inflammatory phenotype of PVAT is diverse depending on species, anatomic location, and environmental factors, and that these differences are fundamentally important in determining a pathogenic versus protective role of PVAT in vascular disease. Further research into the mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory balance of PV adipocytes may yield new insight into, and treatment strategies for, cardiovascular disease.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women, impacting 2.1 million women each year, and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths among women. The study aims to determine the community awareness levels in our country and extrapolate knowledge and awareness about the methods of early detection. Methods: It was performed as cross-sectional study in Syrian Private University in Damascus, Syria from January to March 2019. The population included female students of all years in medical faculties: medicine, pharmacy and dentistry collages. Data collection have been done by breast cancer awareness measure (BCAM) questionnaire. Results: The total participants were 407 divided into three faculties. The average knowledge rate was (57.5%). (70 %) of participants were not familiar with mammography. It is a good result that (86.7 %) acquainted about selfexamination and (94.8%) believe that it is very important. But it is obvious that the practical side is poor, there were (32.7%) of students who apply BSE. Conclusion: This study showed a lack of awareness among medical students. Perhaps the most important reason is the lack of awareness programs that must include all strata of society, especially students of medical colleges and doctors for their important role in spreading awareness to avoid this danger that surrounds our ladies.

Dr Yash Lokhandwala, and 10 or more other experts, including non-CSI members wherever additional expertise was thought necessary. The first and second drafts were circulated to the Expert Panel in August and October 2011. The Expert Panel met in December 2011 during the Annual Meeting in Mumbai, and the third draft was presented to CSI in an academic session the next day, with over 3 h of discussion, and their recommendations were incorporated. v Members of Task Force/Writing Committee. w Late.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory multi systematic disease of unknown aetiology. SLE has a wide range of symptoms. The most common symptoms are joint pain, skin rash and fever. Oral lesions in SLE manifest in a variety of forms, such as oral mucosal ulceration, mouth burns, xerostomia and salivary gland diseases, temporomandibular joint disease, periodontal disease, dysgeusia, white lesions, oedema, bleeding and petechiae. Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and their related factors in patients with SLE, giving the lack of comprehensive statistical data in Syria and the differences between reported prevalence. Patients and methods A cross-sectional study was performed in the Al-Mouassat University Hospital in Damascus. Patients were evaluated appropriating observation, clinical examination, completing questionnaires, studying patient’s medical records and paraclinical laboratory tests if required. Four types of oral lesions were evaluated: ulcer, erythema, white plaque and spots. The diagnosis of these lesions was made according to observation and clinical examination, and the location of each lesion was also recorded. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Result In this study, 42 (70% %) out of 60 patients (38 women and 4 men) had oral lesions, while 18 (30%) had none. The most common areas for the lesions were the buccal mucosa (26.1%) and the lips (14.2%). Of the 42 patients with oral lesions, 12 (27.6%) showed ulcers. There was a significant relationship between the following factors and oral lesions: oral hygiene status, the duration of the disease involvement, frequency of pregnancies, the amount of daily use of corticosteroids without significant difference between dosage groups, and medications used for SLE treatment other than corticosteroids (p < 0.008) without mentioned names or dosages. Conversely, age, sex, cigarette smoking and medications other than those used for SLE treatment were not significantly related to the presence of oral lesions (p value was greater than 0.05 in all subjects).