The proposed measurement is a dedicated study of the exclusive electroproduction process, 1 H(e, e ′ p)π 0 , in the backward-angle regime (u-channel process) above the resonance region. Here, the produced π 0 is emitted 180 degrees opposite to the virtual-photon momentum (at large momentum transfer). This study also aims to apply the well-known Rosenbluth separation technique that provides the model-independent (L/T) differential cross-section at the never explored u-channel kinematics region (−t = −t max , −u = −u min ).Currently, the "soft-hard transition" in u-channel meson production remains an interesting and unexplored subject. The available theoretical frameworks offer competing interpretations for the observed backward-angle cross section peaks. In a "soft" hadronic Regge exchange description, the backward meson production comes from the interference between nucleon exchange and the meson produced via re-scattering within the nucleon. Whereas in the "hard" GPD-like backward collinear factorization regime, the scattering amplitude factorizes into a hard subprocess amplitude and baryon to meson transition distribution amplitudes (TDAs), otherwise known as super skewed parton distributions (SuperSPDs). Both TDAs and SPDs are universal non-perturbative objects of nucleon structure accessible only through backward-angle kinematics.The separated cross sections: σ T , σ L and (σ T /σ L ) ratio at Q 2 =2-6 GeV 2 , provide a direct test of two predictions from the TDA model: σ T ∝ 1/Q 8 and the σ T ≫ σ L in u-channel kinematics. The magnitude and u-dependence of the separated cross sections also provide a direct connection to the re-scattering Regge picture. The extracted interaction radius (from u-dependence) at different Q 2 can be used to study the soft-hard transition in the u-channel kinematics. The acquisition of these data will be an important step forward in validating the existence of a backward factorization scheme (TDA and SuperSPD) of the nucleon structure function and establishing its applicable kinematic range.

Ten years later, the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004 still looms large in efforts to reduce tsunami risk. The disaster has spurred worldwide advances in tsunami detection and warning, risk assessment, and awareness [Satake, 2014].

This study was conducted to evaluate the Technical efficiency among swamp rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 159 swamp rice farmers. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the stochastic frontier production function. The results showed that less than 30% of farmers belong to cooperative societies. Majority (74%) were found to be within active age group of 31-50 years. The result of Cobb-Douglass stochastic frontier production function showed that the individual technical efficiency ranges between 34-98 percent with mean technical efficiency of 86%. The result revealed that there is high coefficient of variation (CV) of socio-economic factors, implying high variation in socio-economic factors. This could induce high variation in output among sampled farmers and could affect the efficiency of production. Analysis of inefficiency model showed that age, family size, extension contact and membership of cooperatives were the significant determinants of technical efficiency among the swamp rice farmers in the study area. The study therefore recommends that Swamp rice farmers in the study area should be enlightened by the extension agents on the use of recommended practices so as to improve farmers’ technical efficiency.Keywords: Coefficient of variation, Technical Efficiency, Swamp rice

Fishing villages in coastal Pakistan would need to respond quickly to escape a tsunami from nearby parts of the Makran Subduction Zone. " previous Makran tsunami, in 1945, took hundreds of lives in this coastal area. The majority of those fatalities took place along tidal creeks of the Indus Delta, where the parent earthquake was scarcely felt. Today, many of the Delta villages must be reached by boat, and telecommunication is diicult. These circumstances add to the challenge of their receiving timely warning of an incoming tsunami whether it is the immediate natural warning from a felt earthquake or a subsequent oicial warning from government agencies. " study supported by Oxfam G" underscores this challenge. Ten remote coastal villages, each visited by the study team, were found to have limited links to oicial warning systems through landlines, mobile phones, and the Internet. Two cities, by contrast, have International Maritime Satellite Organization sirens that can be set of by satellite. In addition to technological solutions, partial remedies currently available include improved tsunami awareness, training about natural warnings, and land use informed by hazard assessments.

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan petani dalam melakukan peralihan usahatani padi ke usahatani ikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik survei dan wawancara. Unit analisis penelitian ini adalah petani padi dan petani ikan di desa Bunkate. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Bunkate, berdasarkan data petani ikan terbesar di Kecamatan Jonggat. Jumlah responden ditetapkan secara “Quota Sampling” sebanyak 44 orang, 22 orang petani padi dan 22 orang petani ikan. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah: analisis regresi logistik dan analisis uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang mempengaruhi peralihan usahatani padi ke usahatani ikan adalah pendapatan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pendapatan usahatani ikan yaitu Rp. 122.752.923/ha lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pendapatan usahatani padi Rp. 13.183.734/ha. Modal, luas lahan, jumlah tanggungan keluarga dan resiko usahatani tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pengambilan keputusan petani melakukan peralihan usahatani. Nilai R/C ratio pada usahatani padi lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan usahatani ikan. Hal ini desabkan oleh produksi dan harga produk pada usahatani ikan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan produksi dan harga produk pada usahatani padi.   ABSTRACT                The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the decision of farmers in making the transition of rice farming to fish farming. This research uses descriptive method and data collection technique used is survey and interview technique. The unit of analysis of this research is rice farmers and fish farmers in Bunkate village. This research was conducted in Bunkate Village, based on the data of the biggest fish farmer in Jonggat District. The number of respondents is determined by "Quota Sampling" as many as 44 people, 22 rice farmers and 22 fish farmers. Data analysis used were: analysis of factors influencing rice farming transition to fish farming, and income comparison analysis between rice farming and fish farming. The results showed that the factors affecting the shift of rice farming to fish farming were income. This is caused by the income of fish farming is Rp. 122.752.923 / ha greater than the income of rice farming Rp. 13,183,734 / ha. Capital, land area, number of family dependent and farming risk have no significant effect to farmer's decision making to make farming transition. The value of R / C ratio in rice farming is smaller than fish farming. This is explained by the production and price of products in fish farming is greater than the production and price of products in rice farming.