Background: Knowledge of hepatitis B and C has been reported to be low among respondents in different studies. We conducted a cross-sectional study among international students of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) to ascertain their levels of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding hepatitis B and C and its associated factors. Methods: Six hundred and sixty two (662) international students participated in this study. A cluster sampling method was employed and data was generated using self-administered questionnaire, which was validated and its reliability checked. Results: Normality test was conducted followed by descriptive statistics, spearman's correlation and Chi-square tests to explore associations between variables in the study. The response rate was 71.49 %. Of these, 50.3 % of the respondents had better knowledge of hepatitis B; 52.7 % had better knowledge of hepatitis C; 54.8 % had positive attitude towards hepatitis B and C and 77.6 % had safer practices towards hepatitis B and C. Positive correlations were found between knowledge of hepatitis B and knowledge of hepatitis C; knowledge hepatitis B and attitude; knowledge hepatitis C and attitude; knowledge hepatitis B and practice; knowledge hepatitis C and practice; and attitude and practice regarding hepatitis B and C. Similarly, some socio-demographic variables and history of hepatitis were found to be associated with knowledge, attitude and practice related to hepatitis B and C. Conclusion: The levels of knowledge and attitude towards hepatitis B and C were low among respondents but majority of them exhibited safe practices. The study level, faculty, age, nationality, marital status and gender of the respondents were significantly associated with their levels of knowledge, attitude and practices towards the disease. These findings imply that there is need for hepatitis health promotion among the international students of UPM and possibly other international students across the globe. It will serve to improve their levels of knowledge, attitude and practices in short term and get them protected against the disease in the long run.

RESULTSOverall, 374 foci were examined. The median number of tumours per patient was 3.5 (range 1-15). The overall median tumour volume was 1.4 mL (range 0.1-18.2), the median volume of the largest (index) tumour was 0.95 mL (range 0.1-18.2) and the median volume of the largest secondary tumour was 0.2 mL (range 0.05-1

What ' s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Suprasacral spinal cord injuries can result in intractable detrusor overactivity adversely effecting patients ' quality of life. It can lead to high pressure bladder resulting in urinary incontinence and deterioration of upper tract function. Augmentation cystoplasty is an accepted procedure in treating refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity.Several publications have reported on the short-to intermediate-term outcomes with augmentation cystoplasty in patients with spinal cord injury. However, it is not known how these outcomes alter over a longer period. This study has a follow-up of at least 10 years. It evaluates the durability of this procedure over the longer term. It also assesses the patients reported outcome over this period. This data can help counsel patients better when considering augmentation cystoplasty as a treatment option for the management of refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE• To report the long-term outcomes of augmentation ileocystoplasty (AIC) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), with a minimum follow-up period of 10 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS• We retrospectively analysed all operations performed by a single surgeon at a specialist spinal unit.• Outcomes were measured by comparing preoperative and follow-up videocystometrograms (VCMGs).• Complications were identifi ed from case notes and the surgery database.• Subjective assessment was through a previously validated questionnaire. RESULTS• The mean (range) follow-up was 14.7 (10.5 -20.3) years. There were 19 patients (12 males) with a mean (range) age at time of surgery of 28.9 (12 -52) years. The mean (range) period from injury to surgery was 4.5 (0.3 -22) years. All had suprasacral injuries.• The VCMGs showed a signifi cant improvement in bladder capacity and a decrease in intravesical pressures ( P < 0.001).• Long-term complications included bladder stones ( n = 4); urosepsis ( n = 2); vesico-ureteric refl ux ( [ VUR ] n = 2), VUR requiring ureteric re-implantation ( n = 1); neurogenic detrusor overactivity ( [ NDO ] n = 1); and laparatomy for bowel obstruction ( n = 1). Surveillance cystoscopies did not detect any bladder neoplasms.• The response rate for the questionnaire survey was 14/17; 13/14 patients were satisfi ed with the operation such that they would consider it again or recommend it to a friend. No patient reported any signifi cant changes in either bowel habit or sexual function. CONCLUSIONS• We found that AIC has excellent long-term outcomes in the defi nitive management of refractory NDO in patients with SCI.• The complications of AIC appear to be more than counterbalanced by a high level of patient satisfaction with the procedure and by the achievement of the primary aim of ensuring continence and upper tract safety in these patients. KEYWORDSspinal cord injury , ileocystoplasty , augmentation cystoplasty Study Type -Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

questionnaire (IIQ) forms (Urinary Distress Inventory, and IIQ-7) were assessed during the long-term clinical follow-up for SUI, in addition to a health-related quality of life assessment. The cure of SUI was defined as no loss of urine on physical exercise, confirmed VCMG after the procedure, and by clinical assessment. RESULTSThe mean (range) follow-up was 10 (8.5-12) years. Nine patients were using clean intermittent self-catheterization before the insertion of TVT and continued to do so afterward. At 10 years of follow-up, one patient had died (with failed TVT initially), and two were lost to follow-up at 5 years after surgery, but up to 5 years they did not complain of UI and VCMG did not show SUI. The remaining seven of the nine patients were completely dry, and two improved and were satisfied with using one or two pads/ day. Two patients showed neurogenic detrusor overactivity confirmed on VCMG, with no evidence of SUI. One patient needed a transient urethral catheter for urinary retention after surgery, one had a bladder injury that required leaving the catheter for 5 days, but no urethral erosions were reported during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONSIn women with neuropathic bladder dysfunction secondary to a variety of spinal cord pathologies, and who have SUI necessitating a definitive intervention, insertion of TVT should be considered a desirable treatment, with very good longterm outcomes. KEYWORDSneuropathic bladder, stress incontinence, tension free vaginal tape Study Type -Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women with neuropathic bladder dysfunction. PATIENTS AND METHODSTwelve women (mean age 53.3 years, range 41-80) with neuropathic bladder dysfunction and SUI confirmed by videocystometrography (VCMG) were treated with a TVT in one institution by an expert neuro-