Objectives To evaluate the dental and skeletal effects that occur in the correction of anterior open bite with clear aligners. Materials and method In this single-center retrospective study, the mechanism of anterior open bite closure using clear aligners (Invisalign, Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was evaluated by cephalometric superimposition based on records of patients consecutively treated by a single, experienced Invisalign provider. Inclusion criteria consisted of anterior open bite (overbite < 0.5 mm), adult patients (18+) at the beginning of treatment, consecutive records, and good quality pre- and post-treatment records, where the required landmarks were clearly visible. Results A total of 45 patients were included for data analysis with a mean age of 30.73 ± 8.0 years and initial open bite of − 1.21 ± 1.15 mm. During treatment, the upper incisors showed significant ( p < 0.05) retraction [U1-SN′(°) = − 10.91 ± 6.95°], [U1-SN′ perp (mm) = − 2.57 ± 1.75 mm] and extrusion [U1-SN′(mm) = 1.45 ± 0.89 mm]. The lower incisors also showed significant retraction [IMPA(°) = − 3.73 ± 4.91°), (ΔL1-MP′ perp (mm) = − 1.08 ± 1.59] and extrusion (ΔL1-MP′(mm) = 0.53 ± 0.74). Regarding molar position, no significant changes were noted in the anteroposterior position of the upper [ΔU6-SN′ perp (mm) = 0.01 ± 1.08 mm] and lower molar [ΔL6-MP′ perp (mm) = 0.03 ± 0.87 mm]; however, there was a statistically significant intrusion of the upper [ΔU6-SN′(mm) = − 0.47 ± 0.59 mm] and lower molar [ΔL6-MP′(mm) = − 0.39 ± 0.76 mm]. Conclusion Open bite closure with clear aligners occurred due to a combination of maxillary and mandibular incisor extrusion and maxillary and mandibular molar intrusion, with slight mandibular auto rotation. Significant retraction of maxillary and mandibular incisors was also observed with treatment. Clear aligners are effective in reducing/controlling the vertical dimension in open bite patients.

Kids under the age of 5 years generally spend most of their time with their parents. It has been found that young children's oral health maintenance and outcomes are influenced by their parent's knowledge and beliefs. This study was done to assess the parent's knowledge about the oral health of their kids aged 1-5 years. The study bases it findings on the survey conducted at the Diagnosis Clinic of the King Khalid University, Abha through a 20-items questionnaire, which was distributed to 425 parents by the researchers. Responses of the parents were recorded on a Likert Scale and multiple choices questions written in Arabic language. The results show insufficient knowledge of Saudi parents about their kids oral health. It also shows that oral health care awareness programs are very important to secure a healthy oral condition among kids. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract:-Background: Job dissatisfaction at work has been associated with low productivity, absenteeism, high turnover, and workers reducing their hours. Little is known about job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia and why they are leaving their profession. This study aims to assess job satisfaction status among Saudi pharmacists working in different practice sites in Saudi Arabia and to explore factors associated with job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Method:A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of pharmacists working in government and private hospitals in Saudi Arabia.Results: A total of 122 pharmacists answered the survey, of which 42.98% were satisfied with the size of their work place and stated it was large enough to perform their job, and 47.11% were satisfied regarding having access to computer resources such as Internet and pharmaceutical references. The main factors for job satisfaction were salary, workload, work environment, training and education opportunities, promotion, and incentives. Conclusion:Job satisfaction among pharmacists is relatively low and may create economic and work force complications in Saudi Arabia. Education, training, and promotions within each premises as well as policies concerning general classification and ranking systems need to be re-evaluated to improve overall job satisfaction.

E. coli is an Enterobacteriaceae that could develop resistance to various antibiotics and become a multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterium. Options for treating MDR E. coli are limited and the pipeline is somewhat dry when it comes to antibiotics for MDR bacteria, so we aimed to explore more options to help in treating MDR E. coli . The purpose of this study is to examine the synergistic effect of a liposomal formulations of co-encapsulated azithromycin and N-acetylcysteine against E. coli. Liposomal azithromycin (LA) and liposomal azithromycin/N-acetylcysteine (LAN) were compared to free azithromycin. A broth dilution was used to measure the MIC and MBC of both formulations. The biofilm reduction activity, thermal stability measurements, stability studies, and cell toxicity analysis were performed. LA and LAN effectively reduced the MIC of E. coli SA10 strain, to 3 μg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml respectively. LAN at 1 × MIC recorded a 93.22% effectiveness in reducing an E. coli SA10 biofilm. The LA and LAN formulations were also structurally stable to 212 ± 2 °C and 198 ± 3 °C, respectively. In biological conditions, the formulations were largely stable in PBS conditions; however, they illustrated limited stability in sputum and plasma. We conclude that the formulation presented could be a promising therapy for E. coli resistance circumstances , providing the stability conditions have been enhanced.

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