No abstract

One of the deadliest diseases in humans is lung cancer. Radiologists and experienced doctors spend much more time investigating the pulmonary nodules due to the high similarities between malignant and benign nodules. Recently, the computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) tool for nodule detection can provide a second opinion for the doctor to diagnose lung cancer. Although machine learning technologies are extensively employed to identify lung cancer, the process of these methods is complex. The numerous researches have sought to automate the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules using convolutional neural networks (CNN) to aid radiologists in the lung screening process. However, CNN still confronts some challenges, including a significant number of false positives and limited performance in detecting lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) images. In this work, we proposed a hybrid of CNN and auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) for lung nodule classification using CT images to address the classification issue. The proposed hybrid CNN-ARIMA can classify CT images successfully with test accuracy, average sensitivity, average precision, average specificity, average F1-Score, and area under the curve (AUC) of 99.61%, 99.71%, 99.43%, 99.71%, 99.57%, and 1.000, respectively.

Heuristic Evaluation (HE) has proven to be important in the development of different computer systems but has not been incorporated in the development of eco-tourism smartphone applications. This results inusability issues that significantly affect user experience (UX) as discussed in literature. This study reports the HE in the design and development of Niranur Agro Farm (NAF) eco-tourism smartphone applications, which could improve UX. Eight experts participated in this study, utilizing the SMART mobile usability heuristic developed for mobile application and the severity rating scale to determine usability issues. The HE findings indicated that 22 usability issues were identified. One issue was rated 4 (catastrophe), four issues were rated 3 (major problem), twelve issues were rated 2 (minor problem) and five issues were rated 1 (cosmetics). Although there are issues rated as 4 and 3, the majority of the issues were considered to be minor (1 and 2 on the scale). Results indicated that it is crucial to incorporate HE into the design and development of the eco-tourism smartphone app to minimize the usability issues faced by users. It further validated that utilizing a specific heuristic for smartphone applications would ensure that all usability issues are correctly categorized and remedied.