BackgroundPoor awareness and knowledge of mother–to–child transmission (MTCT),that accounts for over 90% of new HIV infections among children, might contribute to the HIV epidemics. In Ethiopia, 898 400 children are orphaned due to HIV and AIDS and 200 300 were living with HIV in 2013. The main objective of this study was to examine the knowledge of MTCT of HIV, its prevention (PMTCT) and associated factors among Ethiopian women.MethodsWe conducted a cross–sectional analysis among 16 515 women from the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2011. Chi–square test, univarate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to examine the associations of socio–demographic variables with women’s correct knowledge of MTCT and PMTCT, assessed through five specific questions.FindingsThe overall correct knowledge of Ethiopian women about MTCT and PMTCT (correct answers to all the five questions) was very low (34.9%). In the multivariable analysis, residing in urban area (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.35–1.79; P < 0.001), having higher education (AOR = 3.25, 95% CI = 2.74–3.86; P < 0.001), belonging to higher wealth household (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.57–2.18; P < 0.001), currently in union (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.12–1.39; P < 0.001), occupation (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.17–1.44; P < 0.001) and being exposed to mass media (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.41–1.70; P < 0.001) were strongly associated with women’s correct knowledge of MTCT and PMTCT.ConclusionStrategies to improve the knowledge of MTCT and PMTCT in Ethiopia should focus on rural women, emerging regions, the poor, illiterate and unemployed women. Efforts are also needed to involve religious leaders and related organization in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it's estimated that tobacco is the reason for more than 7 million deaths and hundreds of billions of dollars loss, worldwide each year (WHO, 2017). Deaths due to tobacco smoking are not only preventable tragedies but have an important economic cost. Worldwide, the total economic damage of smoking has been estimated at more than United State (US)$ 1.4 trillion per year (Goodchild et al., 2018)

INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking is a global concern and tobacco use is rising among the youth in Arab countries, such as Yemen, especially among university students. This study aims to examine the prevalence, attitudes and associated factors of smoking among college students in the rural area of Hajja, Yemen. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a community college in the Hajja province between August and December 2016. The data were collected from three health related departments (Nursing, Laboratory, and Assistant doctor). A questionnaire based on the Global Health Professional Survey and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey was answered by 380 randomly selected students. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that sex (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8, p<0.05), family income (OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.3, p<0.05), and residence (OR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.5, p<0.001), were statistically significant predictors of smoking. Smoking for peer pressure, recreation and proving manhood were all found to be highly significant (p<0.001). The results also revealed that smokers had more negative attitudes towards allowing children to smoke in the future and allowing smoking in the household (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to similar studies on the general population, the prevalence of smoking among college students in the rural area was lower. An indication of a growth in tobacco use can be concluded, accordingly, the need for anti-smoking programmes to prevent students from initiating smoking is required.

INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking, especially among university students, remains a significant issue worldwide. This survey aims to investigate and evaluate the smoking behavior and smoking-related knowledge and their relationship in students of Hodeidah University, Yemen. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed among students at Hodeidah University. Using a global youth tobacco survey and a global health professional survey, data were collected from three colleges (Commerce and Economics, Engineering, and Medicine) from April to June 2017, from 420 randomly chosen students. RESULTS The smoking prevalence among university students was 33.1% (cigarettes 13.6%, waterpipe 9.3%, and 10.2% for dual cigarettes and waterpipe use), with a higher rate of smoking among males than females (36.3% vs 28.0%, p<0.001). The percentage of individuals participating in the three types of smoking among males and females, respectively, were 18.9% vs 5.0% for cigarettes, 1.9% vs 21.1% for waterpipe, and 15.4% vs 1.9% for dual cigarettes and waterpipe use, with a student mean age of 21.93 ± 2.55 years. The regression outcome revealed that year of study was highly associated with smoking (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.85–0.89, p<0.001). Age (OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.94–0.99, p<0.05), residence (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.09, p<0.05) and family income (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06, p<0.05) were also significant predictors of smoking. CONCLUSIONS According to this study, most of the male students were cigarette users, while female students were waterpipe users. The prevalence of waterpipe use among females, as opposed to males, is an issue of concern. Policy makers may need to initiate anti-smoking programmes in Yemeni universities.