Climate change mitigation has led to a recent question regarding many policymakers and sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for Vision 2030. In 2019 and 2020, COVID-19 mitigation was the only issue the world raised questions about; for example, the KSA and the rest of the world are working diligently to meet COVID-19 mitigation targets. To assess policy supervision in terms of the ability to achieve COVID-19 targets, this survey examines the operators necessary to achieve the SDGs in regard to improving COVID-19 mitigation and increasing economic growth. In particular, we examine COVID-19 mitigation under the setting of an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (N-shaped EKC) in the KSA. To identify the COVID-19 shock in the KSA, the effects of oil price and oil rent on CO 2 emissions are examined. The results of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bound testing approach indicate that due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the inverted Nshaped EKC hypothesis is validated in the long term. Empirically, we find that oil price strengthens the relationship of level, quadratic and cubic of economic growth and environmental quality while oil rent weakens this relationship. Additionally, the long-term incidences of positive shocks on oil price in the presence of COVID-19 outbreak are not similar to the negative shock to CO 2 emissions, implying the existence of asymmetric impacts on carbon dioxide emissions in long-term forms. Our research implies that an oil price shock could be judicious for macro guidance of the economy in the KSA. Our findings are helpful for policymakers and investors in terms of their settlement planning because they can be used to evaluate prospective courses of economic profitability under the COVID-19 shock.

Religion in the contemporary times has potentials from which conventional models and theories could leverage for public wellbeing. Considering the<br />moral and ethical dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR), understanding this nebulous concept from the religious lenses could help strengthen CSR compliance and reporting in the industrial societies, where<br />religions play direct and indirect role in corporate governance and people‘s lifestyle. This paper explores eclectic sources to provide answer to the questions: Does CSR have theological foundation in Islam Christianity and Judaism? Can religions strengthen CSR and fortify compliance and reporting? The authors sourced the required qualitative data from journal articles, Islamic jurisprudence, Judaic sources and Biblical texts as well as relevant online resources on the subject. The extractions from eclectic sources were subjected to content analysis from which conclusions on the two questions were established. The findings indicate that CSR has theological foundation in the three religions, and religious ethics and values could be potent drivers for strengthening CSR and reporting.

Over the last two decades, bank consolidation has been a frequent event in the financial sector in developing and developed countries, particularly in the European Union (Pozzolo 2009). Considering the subprime crisis, which negatively affected many advanced and emerging economies, particularly in the banking sector of the European Union, various solutions, such as mergers and acquisitions (M&A), have appealed to these countries. M&A represent external growth and approximately 80% of global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows (Klimek 2014). M&A as a form of banking integration in the EU are one of many strategies of external growth; other strategies include trade agreements, conventions, and cooperation. Furthermore, it is recognized that productivity gains are primarily influenced by external growth, such as mergers and acquisitions (M&A). However, none of these choices is considered as an ideal substitute in an emergency. Thus, many concerns have been raised, including the maximum level of cooperation. But the only consensus is that the larger the bank, the greater the need for cooperation. Nevertheless, the cooperation among commercial banks in the European Union is justified by efficiency gains in terms of profit or profitability. Yet, bank consolidation is