Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has currently become a major global public health problem. The prevalence of COVID-19 has increased rapidly worldwide. Since there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine available yet, it is increasingly important to understand the average incubation period of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to design appropriate preventive and control strategies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to estimate the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We conducted a systematic electronic web-based search of online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and the World Health Organization's HINARI portal. We included peer-reviewed research studies written in the English language on the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. STATA version 15 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal quality assessment tool for observational studies was utilized to evaluate the included studies. We extracted relevant data and presented in a tabular form. The I 2 test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger's tests were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a random-effects model. Results: Our search identified 206 studies, amongst which 18 studies, representing 22,595 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 5.7 days (95% CI: 5.1, 6.4). Subgroup analyses by geographic location showed that the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 6.1 days (95% CI: 5.34, 6.94) in China and 4.54 (95% CI: 3.9, 5.2) in other countries (Singapore, South Korea, and globally). Conclusion: The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was about six days. The longest incubation period was observed in China. The global health initiatives as well as local health planners should consider, this average incubation period while designing optimal prevention and control strategies for SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Scabies is an infectious disease that affects the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and it transmitted through close personal contact. Even though it is easily treatable disease, its prevalence is high and continuous as neglected tropical disease of resource-poor settings, and particularly affects young age groups. Despite of these facts, studies conducted in Ethiopia regarding to the prevalence and associated factors for scabies infestation have been highly variable and didn't well compiled. Due to that, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimates the overall prevalence of scabies and associated factors in all age groups in Ethiopia. Methods: International databases (PubMed/PMC/Midline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google and Science Direct) were systematically searched from December 1, 2019, to January 18, 2020. All observational studies noted the prevalence of human scabies and associated factors in Ethiopia were included. Two authors (AG and G.T) independently extracted all necessary data using a standardized data extraction format. The data which is extracted each study were analyzed using STATA Version 14.1. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed through the Cochrane Q test statistics and I 2 test. Lastly, a random effects meta-analysis model was computed to fix overall prevalence and associated factors of scabies. Results: Twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis after 410 articles retrieved. Of these, eight studies were analyzed for prevalence estimation. The overall prevalence of scabies infestation was 14.5% (95%CI: 1.5, 27.6%) in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed the highest prevalence was 19.6% in Amhara region. A person from a large family size (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.76, 5.67), and sharing a bed (OR: 3.59, 95%CI: 2.88, 4.47) were significantly associated with scabies. Conclusion: This study revealed the prevalence of scabies infestation was 14.5% in Ethiopia which was high. Persons from high family size and any contact with scabies case were factors associated with scabies.

Backgrounds Pregnancy related complications are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diversified food consumption is essential to produce hormones during pregnancy and it reduced complications. In Ethiopia, many researchers were investigated about the proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity and its determinant factors. However, those studies are inconsistent and fragmented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the pooled proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity practice and its associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a systematic electronic web-based search of PubMed/ /MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google online databases for identifying studies on proportion of pregnant women with dietary diversity practice and its associated factors in Ethiopia using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. STATA version 14 statistical software was used to analyze the data. We extracted relevant data and presented in tabular form. The I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Begg’s test were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a random-effects model. Results Our search identified 170 studies. Of which, 23 were included in the final analysis stage. The pooled proportion of dietary diversity among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 41% (95% CI: 33, 49). Mothers can read and write (OR = 1.82 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.64)), maternal primary school and above educated (OR = 2.11 (95% CI: 1.10, 4.05)), nutritional information (OR = 4.1 (95% CI: 2.1, 7.99), dietary diversity knowledge (OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 2.73, 4.73)) and household had rich wealth index (OR = 3.45 (95% CI: 1.19, 10.1)) were significantly associated with dietary diversity practice during pregnancy. Conclusions In this meta-analysis; we found that low proportion of pregnant women with adequate dietary diversity in Ethiopia (41%). Maternal education, nutritional information, dietary diversity knowledge and wealth index level of household were significantly associated factors of pregnant woman with dietary diversity practice. This finding implies that improving the awareness of woman about dietary diversity during pregnancy and empowering women economically would play a significant role to improve dietary diversity practice.

Under-five mortality is defined as the likelihood of a child born alive to die between birth and fifth birthday. Mortality of under the age of five has been the most targets of public health policies and may be a common indicator of mortality levels. Thus, this study aimed to assess the under-five child mortality and modeling Bayesian zero-inflated regression model of the determinants of under-five child mortality. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data. The sample was stratified and selected in a two-stage cluster sampling design. The Bayesian analytic approach was applied to model the mixture arrangement inherent in zero-inflated count data by using the negative Binomial–logit hurdle model. About 71.09% of the mothers had not faced any under-five deaths in their lifetime while 28.91% of the women experienced the death of their under-five children and the data were found to have excess zeros. From Bayesian Negative Binomial—logit hurdle model it was found that twin (OR = 1.56; HPD CrI 1.23, 1.94), Primary and Secondary education (OR = 0.68; HPD CrI 0.59, 0.79), mother’s age at the first birth: 16–25 (OR = 0.83; HPD CrI 0.75, 0.92) and ≥ 26 (OR = 0.71; HPD CrI 0.52, 0.95), using contraceptive method (OR = 0.73; HPD CrI 0.64, 0.84) and antenatal visits during pregnancy (OR = 0.83; HPD CrI 0.75, 0.92) were statistically associated with the number of non-zero under-five deaths in Ethiopia. The finding from the Bayesian Negative Binomial–logit hurdle model is getting popular in data analysis than the Negative Binomial–logit hurdle model because the technique is more robust and precise. Furthermore, Using the Bayesian Negative Binomial–logit hurdle model helps in selecting the most significant factor: mother’s education, Mothers age, Birth order, type of birth, mother’s age at the first birth, using a contraceptive method, and antenatal visits during pregnancy were the most important determinants of under-five child mortality.

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that can occur in all warm blooded animals including humans. Vaccinating dogs can protect people from contracting rabies. Despite the availability of effective human and animal rabies vaccines, rabies prevention and control efforts are inadequate. The aim of the study was to determine the level of rabies prevention practices and associated factors among household heads in Bure Zuria district, North-west Ethiopia. Community based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bure Zuria from June 1 to 30, 2020. A total of 609 participants were selected using simple random sampling technique. Simple and multiple binary logistic regressions were applied to identify associated factors of rabies prevention practices. Of 609 participants, 413 (67.8%) were male and 289 (47.5%) were 30–45 years old. The level of good prevention practices of rabies at Bure Zuria district was 43.3%. Being males (AOR = 2.69 (1.72–4.22)), age group 18–29 years (AOR = 2.70 (1.20–6.10)), ever bitten by dog, (AOR = 2.40 (1.56–3.68)), got training (AOR = 1.70 (1.08–2.68)), had dog (AOR = 2.92 (1.62–5.26)), with good knowledge AOR (95% CI) = 3.42 (2.19–5.32), with good attitude AOR (95% CI) = 1.78 (1.16–2.73) and have 1001–2000 AOR (95% CI) = 2.29 (1.39–3.79) and > 2000 AOR (95% CI) = 2.02 (1.28–3.18)) monthly income were more likely to have good prevention practices of rabies. In this study, we found that the level of good prevention practices of rabies was low in Bure Zuria district. Therefore; awareness creation trainings and multi-sectoral collaborations to prevent rabies are needed in the district, zone and at large region level.