We report a metallic nanoparticle-based surface plasmonic polariton using quantum and classical models.

In this paper, antibacterial activities of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized through green method using garlic bulb (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts, and their mixture are reported. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible (UV–vis), photoluminescence (PL), spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystalline sizes of ZnO NPs synthesized using garlic bulb (Allium sativum) extract, ginger (Zingiber officinale) root extract, and their mixture were 19.8, 21.94, and 23.86 nm, respectively. Similarly, the corresponding peak absorbances were 369.5, 377.5, and 374 nm, respectively. The antibacterial activities of synthesized ZnO NPs were tested against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). The ZnO NPs synthesized using the mixture of garlic bulb (Allium sativum) and ginger (Z. officinale) root extract have shown maximum inhibition zone against gram-negative bacteria (P. putida: 28.67 ± 0.82 mm) and gram-positive bacteria (S. pyogenes: 10.67 ± 0.47 mm) as compared to ZnO NPs synthesized using the two extracts separately. On the other hand, ZnO NPs obtained from garlic bulb and Z. officinale root extracts exhibited maximum inhibition zone against E. coli (19 ± 0.82 mm) and S. aureus (16.4 ± 0.47 mm), respectively.

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Photoluminescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from lemon juice precursors via single-step, hydrothermal techniques under different temperatures to control the optical properties. The synthesized CQDs were characterized by PL, illuminated UV analyzer chamber, UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier-transformed infrared spectrophotometry, and zeta potential techniques. The results show that the synthesized CQDs had an excellent blue–green emission extending up to the infrared region with high quantum yield (Φ) in the range of 14%–41%. The effect of reaction temperature and the aging of CQDs on the emission spectra of CQDs are also investigated. Furthermore, the adsorption effect of the synthesized CQDs was evaluated on methylene blue (MB) dyes. The result indicated the synthesized CQDs have excellent adsorbent properties with a removal efficiency of 60%–82% and an extremely fast adsorption rate of 6 × 10−2 min−1 for MB dyes.

We theoretically investigate the effect of phase fluctuations on correlated photons resulting from nondegenerate three-level atoms under the cavity radiation. The photon statistics, photon number correlation, and entanglement properties of the system have been calculated employing the dynamical equation of the system. It is shown that, for the sub-Poissonian photon statistics, the degree of correlation increases with the atomic pumping rate, and the entanglement varies with phase fluctuations, rather than with the atomic pumping rate. The proposed system is well suitable for the quantum information processing.