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In the United States, prevalence of marijuana-use has doubled in the past 2 decades. The aim was to compare the periodontal conditions and whole-salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels among young adult marijuana-smokers, heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Self-reported marijuana-smokers, heavy-cigarette-smokers, non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally-healthy non-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded and full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL) and missing teeth were recorded. Levels of IL-17A and IL-23 levels were measured in the whole saliva. p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Fifteen-marijuana-smokers, 15 heavy-cigarette-smokers, 16 non-smokers-with-periodontitis and 15 periodontally-healthy-non-smokers) were included. The clinicoradiographic parameters were worse among marijuana-smokers (p < 0.01), cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01) than periodontally-healthy-non-smokers. Marijuana- and cigarette-smokers had Stage-IV/Grade C and non-smokers with periodontitis had Stage-III/Grade-C. Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher in marijuana-smokers than cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01). Whole salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher among cigarette-smokers than non-smokers with periodontitis (p < 0.01) and periodontally-healthy-individuals (p < 0.01). Marijuana- and heavy cigarette-smokers have comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal statuses. This rejects hypothesis-1. However, whole salivary immunoinflammatory response may be moderately worse in marijuana-smokers compared with heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smoker with periodontitis thereby supporting hypothesis-2.

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Aim The present randomized controlled trial assessed the postoperative anti‐inflammatory efficacy of 2% saline rinses (SR) and a herbal‐ mouthwash (HMW) after non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) for the management of periodontal inflammation in patients with chlorhexidine (CHX) allergy. Materials and Methods Patients with periodontal inflammation with and without self‐reported CHX allergy were included. All patients underwent non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Patients were randomly divided into three groups. In the SR and HMW groups, 2% SR and a HMW, respectively, were prescribed. In Group 3 (CHX‐group), patients without CHX allergy were included and were prescribed 0.12% CHX. In all groups, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal bone loss were measured at baseline. Clinical periodontal parameters were re‐assessed at 6‐weeks’ follow‐up. p < 0.01 were considered statistically significant. Results Thirteen, 12, and 12 patients were included in the SR, HMW, and CHX groups, respectively. At baseline, clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters were comparable in all groups. In all groups, PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01), and PD (p < 0.01) were significantly higher at baseline than their respective values at 6 weeks of follow‐up. There was no significant difference in clinical AL at all time intervals in all groups. There was no significant correlation between periodontal parameters and age, gender, and daily toothbrushing/flossing in all groups. Conclusion In young adults with self‐reported CHX allergy, herbal mouthwashes and/or 2% SR are suitable post‐operative prescriptions after NSPT.

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