Aim: The present study aimed to assess the role of B-scan in pre-operative cataract patients. Material and Methods: This prospective diagnostic study was conducted on 94 cataract patients in Ophthalmology Department, Services Hospital, Lahore from January 2021 to June 2021. Patients of either gender regardless of age having cataract were enrolled. Clinical history, detailed examination, and B-scan ultrasound of each individual was recorded. Individuals were examined in a lie supine position on the table and contact method was used. Coupling gel was applied and a probe was placed on the closed eyelid. B-scan ultrasound took images of different sections such as longitudinal, axial, and transverse sections. Resolution of the images was optimized by maintaining adequate intensity with the lowest possible decibel gain. Results: Out of 94 cataract patients, the number of male and female patients was 54 (57.4%) and 40 (42.6%) respectively. The incidence of traumatic and non-traumatic cataract patients was 20 (21%) and 74 (79%) respectively. About 42 (44.7%) cataract patients had a rural background and 52 (55.3%) had an urban background. The age distribution of cataract patients was as follows: 12 (12.8%) 1-20 years, 4 (4.3%) in 21-30 years, 19 (20.2%) in 31-40 years, 21 (22.3%) in 41-50 years, 32 (34%) in 51-60 years, and 6 (6.4%) >60 years. Of the traumatic cataract patients, posterior segment pathology was observed in 8 (40%) only whereas 12 (60%) had no posterior segment pathology. Out of traumatic cataract patient’s posterior segment pathology, the incidence of retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, posterior vitreous detachment, intraocular foreign body and posterior staphyloma was 2 (25%), 1 (12.5%), 1 (12.5%), 3 (37.5%), and 0 (0%) respectively. Out of non-traumatic cataract patients, the incidence of posterior segment pathology and no posterior segment pathology was observed in 14 (18.9%) and 60 (81.1%) respectively. Among 14 posterior segment pathology, the incidence of retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, posterior vitreous detachment, intraocular foreign body, and posterior staphyloma was 4 (28.6%), 3 (21.4%), 2 (14.3%), 2 (14.3%), and 3 (21.4%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study found that B-scan is a better diagnostic modality for the detection of posterior segment pathology in traumatic and non-traumatic cataract patients. Two dimensional B-scan can be effective in routine examination of pre-operative cataract patients. Three-dimensional B-scan could be considered in cases where two-dimensional does not provide sufficient help in assessment of posterior segment pathology in cataract patients. Keywords: Cataract patients, Traumatic cataract patients, Non-traumatic cataract patients, B-scan

Background and Aim: Globally, congenital anomalies (CA) are a major contributing factor for neonate’s admission in NICU causing neonatal morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. Congenital anomalies generally indicate the morphogenesis defect in an early neonate’s life. The leading cause for perinatal mortality is congenital anomalies that arise with advancement of delivery and care for newborn babies. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of congenital anomalies among neonates admitted to neonatal unit. Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out on 1620 neonates (newborns to age 28 days) admitted to the neonatal unit of Services Hospital, Lahore from April 2020 to March 2022. The incidence, risk factors, and pattern of congenital anomalies were measured. Detailed examinations such as radiological, laboratory, ultrasonography, and echocardiography were recorded. Different outcomes such as hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were determined with 95% confidence intervals. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 1620 admitted neonates, the prevalence of neonates with congenital anomalies were 112 (6.9%). Out of 112 neonates diagnosed with congenital anomalies, 64 (57.1%) were male and 48 (42.9%) were females. The incidence of cesarean and other modes of delivery were 74 (66%) and 38 (34%) respectively. Cardiovascular system malformation was the most prevalent affected system in 36 (31.9%) neonates followed by central nerve system 28 (25%), genitourinary system 19 (17%), musculoskeletal system 16 (14.3%), gastrointestinal tract 6 (5.4%), digestive system 4 (3.6%), and syndromes and skin 3 (2.7%). Congenital anomalies were significantly increasing over time. The incidence of discharged, referred to higher centers for intervention, and expired babies were 77 (68.8%), 19 (16.7%), and 16 (14.3%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study found that the prevalence of congenital anomalies was 6.9%. Cardiovascular system malformation was the most prevalent congenital anomaly followed by the central nerve system. The overall mortality rate was 14.3% caused by congenital anomalies. A better health care strategies and management must be developed in terms of early detection, supplementation facilitation, decreasing drug usage, and better antenatal care to prevent the impacts of congenital anomalies on neonates. Keywords: Prevalence, Pattern, Congenital anomalies, neonates