In a democratic process voting plays a vital role in selection of policy as well as candidates. Voting though gives the freedom to voter to cast his opinion it is not free fraudulent. In order to have secure voting and convey the opinion of authorized voter in this paper we have presented a java based framework for fraud proof electronic voting system. In this framework we ensure that only the authorized voter is permitted to cast his vote and mitigate illegal voters cast votes on faking or pretending to be someone else. Proposed FPF provides a multi-level of authentication mechanism to validate the voter. The proposed system is tested for efficiency and robustness in comparing it with the existing system and is found to be efficient through comparative analysis. At present FPF is successful in mitigating the unauthorized voting further enhancement in the electronic voting system is being carried out as future work.

Trade secret is the need of today's globalised economy. At times developers/inventors does not want to get the product/process patented, because of primary requirement of complete disclosure. Trade Secret is a one step solution to all such issues. Unfortunately, the concept of providing protection as trade secret has seen development in strong economies only. Through this paper authors would like to explain the reason why a trade secret should be made a part of IP regime. Intellectual Property is that branch of law jurisprudence regarding which is still in its developing stage in India. Time and again, Indian judiciary, by looking out to various foreign legislations and judgments, has tried to fill in that gap. The article will cite examples from the cases as they have been decided by the Indian Courts, while relying on the development of law by courts in European Union or in USA. One bold step was taken by the parliament in this regard, that is, National Innovation Bill 2008, but Bill lapsed without being tabled only, forcing the protection of trade secrets by other available legislations only. The paper also tries to provide some suggestions to remove the ambiguity and make a way ahead in this regard.

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Every modern civilized society functions on the concept of nation-state for formation of rules and regulations with the responsibility of maintaining order. The state creates restrictions in public interest and protects the rights of individuals. On the contrary, the general global perspective with regard to outreach of the World Wide Web suggests that there exists a state of nature with no one to rule the kingdom and no rule to govern the subjects. However, this bubble is burst by Natasha Tusikov in her book Chokepoints: Global Private Regulators on the Internet. With the rapidly increased penetration of the Internet throughout the globe, it became necessary for the state to keep the platform safe, secured, and well within the ambit of law. During 1970-1980, intellectual property (IP) got recognized as a milking cow for revenue generation, and the world witnessed a shift in paradigm of IP jurisprudence, with debates leading to introduction of the World Trade Organization and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property. This also established the IP holders' influence and control over the state. While the book has been divided into seven chapters by the author, it can be said to have been written in three parts, purely based on its content: legislative failures and inception of nonbinding agreements (NBAs), enforcement of NBAs creating chokepoints, and analysis of the situation and suggestions offered by the author. The author introduces the readers to the failed attempt by the U.S. government in passing legislations for expanding the scope of online regulation and policing, from monitoring criminal activities to curbing violations related to IP infringements, specifically piracy and counterfeiting. The author also mentions the efforts of the UK government and the EU Council, in doing the same in their respective jurisdiction. Upon failure, the government, lobbied by giant unions of IP holders, turned toward the firms which dominate market over the Internet. The author refers to these firms as macrointermediaries/intermediaries and mentions them as leaders in different types of service providers over the Internet, namely, Google, Yahoo, Bing, and so on, as Search and Ads intermediaries; PayPal, Visa, Mastercard, and so on, as payment intermediaries; GoDaddy as domain registration intermediaries; eBay, Taobao, Amazon, and so on, as marketplace intermediaries. The NBAs signed between them with the IP holders dictating the terms from the other side, for establishing the rules of best practices would be followed by these intermediaries, makes them highly relevant in this debate. The extensive control of intermediaries on the access, as well as usage, of their services put them in an advantageous position to create chokepoints for the websites/users involved in these infringements. The author regards this as the birth of private regulators for securing the economic interest of IP