BACKGROUND Diabetes represents an important public health challenge in India and Globally. It affects quality of life and is one of the leading causes of death and disability. The burden on global health is huge and about 463 million adults are currently living with diabetes. 77 million people in India in the age group of 20-79 years are affected by this pandemic and total cost to health expenditure is 8 billion US dollars, therefore huge burden, and great economic cost on Public health. The self-management of diabetes, the research priorities include exploring the concept of diabetes self-management and major research questions would comprise of asking what affects self-management in persons with diabetes and how do m-health application and interventions can impact on the self-management behaviors in development, utility of the m-health app in self-management of person with diabetes. Therefore, this project research is of great significance and would bring an integrative approach on self-care management OBJECTIVE To design, develop and evaluate the impact of m-health enabled nutrition informatics intervention for home based self-management of type 2 diabetes in an Indian setting. METHODS A mixed research study will be conducted between January 2022 and January 2023. A sample of approximately 250 individuals will be recruited and enrolled using a nonprobability complete enumeration sampling method from selected urban settings of Delhi inclusion and exclusion criteria with age20-79 years male and female with Type 2 diabetes and have access to Smart phone Data will be collected using which questionnaires. The collected data will be used to assess use and utility of mobile health application developed. The knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding Diabetes self-care management. Lastly, the study questionnaire system usability survey(SUS) will be used to assess the usability of mobile applications on selfcare management of Diabetes RESULTS A pilot of 250 individuals has been conducted to pretest the DBMS questionnaire. The data collection will be initiated from January 2022, and the initial results are planned for publication by October 2022.Descriptive analysis of the gathered data will be performed using SPSS V11, and reporting of the results will be done at 95% CIs and P=.0.05. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study would inform the elements essential for the development of m-health intervention to improve self-care management of diabetes at home settings. The usefulness and acceptance of the proposed intervention will be conducted. CLINICALTRIAL DITU/UREC/2021/07/10

Background Diabetes represents an important public health challenge in India and globally. It affects the quality of life and is one of the leading causes of death and disability. The burden on global health is huge, and about 463 million adults are currently living with diabetes. 77 million people in India in the age group of 20–79 years are affected by this pandemic, and the total cost of health expenditure is 8 billion US dollars. This is a huge burden and a great economic cost on public health. The research aims to explore the concept of diabetes self-management and major research questions would comprise asking what affects self-management in people with diabetes and how m-health applications and interventions can impact the self-management behaviors in development and the utility of the m-health apps in self-management of people with diabetes. Therefore, this research protocol is of great significance and would bring an integrative approach to self-care management. This study protocol was developed on the m-health application and testing nutrition informatics intervention for self-care management of type 2 diabetes at home. Objective To design, develop, and assess the impact of an m-health-enabled nutrition informatics intervention for home-based type 2 diabetes self-management in an Indian setting. Methods The study is divided into three phases, in the first phase a systematic literature review of global and Indian literature using Scoping review method using PRISMA- SCR tool to report on various m-health interventions on Self-care management regimes on type 2 diabetes and Nutrition informatics will evaluate the effectiveness and utility of m-health application developed on Selfcare management with nutrition informatics will be reported. In the second phase m-health application on Selfcare management and nutrition informatics regime will be made and in the third phase of the study evaluation of the m-health application will be done using System Usability Scale (SUS) usability and mixed research evaluation with end-users using Diabetes based management system (DBMS)questionnaire. A mixed research study will be conducted between June 2022 and March 2023. A sample of approximately 250 individuals will be recruited and enrolled using a non-probability complete enumeration sampling method from selected urban settings in Delhi. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for males and females aged 20–79 years old with Type 2 diabetes and access to a smartphone. Data will be collected using globally tested tools like the Diabetes Based Management System (DBMS) questionnaires. The collected data will be used to assess the use and utility of the mobile health application developed. The qualitative study using IDIs and FGD will be done to understand knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs regarding diabetes self-care management. Qualitative methods will be focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the study. Lastly, the study questionnaire system usability survey, a global tested tool (SUS), will be used to assess the usability of mobile applications for self-care management of diabetes. Therefore, this study involves three phases, phase 1 will be scoping review using the PRISMA reporting, phase 2 is a human-centered design (HCD) of m-health informatics application for type 2 diabetes and phase 3 will be the evaluation of the designed application using globally tested tool System usability scale (SUS). Results A sample of 250 individuals will go through a pretested DBMS questionnaire. The data collection will be initiated in June 2022, and the initial results are planned for publication by July 2023. Out of n = 250 individuals, at least 120 individuals will be retained in the study. A qualitative study using descriptive analysis of the gathered data will be performed using SPSS V11, and reporting of the results will be done at 95% CIs and P = .0.05. A qualitative study will be exploratory sequential and the first exploratory study using IDIs and FGDs will be done followed by a quantitative method this exploratory sequential study will draw inference from the mixed study. Conclusions The findings of the study using scoping review would inform the elements essential for the development of m-health to improve self-care management of diabetes at home settings in India and its wider application in the global framework. The m-health application will be designed on m-health nutrition informatics. The usefulness and acceptance of the proposed m-health intervention will be evaluated using the globally tested tool System Usability Scale (SUS) for evaluation.

The goal of this study is to conduct a scoping evaluation of the global evidence on m-health interventions and to determine the efficacy of mobile-based self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus. A rigorous search of the PubMed and Scopus research databases was conducted. Studies on Type 2 diabetes conducted in age ranges 18-75 years and published in English worldwide from 2010 to 2020 are included. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using mobile-based self-management for type 2 diabetes patients, as well as recording and analysis of results at the patient level, were among the studies. The studies were checked by the reviewer, and they were then independently reviewed by a second reviewer. The data was extracted, graphed, and the studies' quality was evaluated. To deliver study outcomes and 27 recommendations, the scoping study approach employs Arksey and O'Malley's operational framework. This work is presented using the PRISMA-SCR checklist. The assessment comprised a total of 40 articles, all of which were RCT-based treatments studies with over 3800 participants. For this study, 40 original research publications were chosen. The chosen studies mostly focused on type 2 diabetes self-management (N = 40) and hypertension self-management (N = 2). The usage of mobile SMS (N = 17) or mobile on phone (N = 12), the content of session education with mobile (N = 10) or the placement of mobile devices (N = 4) were among the several treatments. The therapies were usually successful, resulting in better glucose control and improved health indices. Conclusions:For patients with type 2 diabetes, mobile-based self-management interventions appear to have beneficial benefits on self-care and management, as well as meaningful outcomes. Overall improvement in physiologic markers, self-care, and patient quality of life in Type 2 Diabetes patients. Though the research focused on results in small populations, there was little indication that the intervention will be scaled up in the future. Furthermore, the findings suggest that more research into self-management, which includes nutrition informatics in a self-care management regime, is needed, with a particular focus on the availability of nutrition informatics by area. This will also aid in diabetic and cardiovascular disease co-management. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), self-management looks to be an effective way of improving health outcomes, hence mobile-led selfcare management treatments incorporating nutritional informatics may be beneficial.

Objectives: To do scoping review on the global evidence on m-health interventions and determine the effectiveness of mobile based self-management interventions on type 2 diabetes mellitus Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus research data base were examined. Studies globally published in English from 2010 to 2020 and studies done on Type 2 diabetes and including age groups 18-75 years are included. The studies included intervention such as Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mobile based self-management for type 2 diabetes patients and charting and analysis of outcomes at patient level. The reviewer screened the studies, and it was consequently reviewed by a second reviewer independently. The data was extracted, charted and quality of the studies was assessed. The scoping study methodology using operational framework of Arksey, and O’Malley is used to present study outcomes and 27 pointers PRISMA-SCR checklist is used to present this paperResults: A total of 40 articles, consisting of RCT based interventions studies with 3800 plus participants, were included in the assessment. 40 original research articles were selected for inclusion. The selected studies largely focused on the self-management of type 2 diabetes (N = 40), hypertension (N = 2). Various interventions involved the use of mobile SMS (N = 17) or mobile on phone (N = 12), the content on session education with use of mobile (N = 10) or the placement of devices mobile (N = 4). The interventions were generally effective and often led to improved glycemic control and better health indicators.Conclusions: Mobile based self-management interventions seem to have positive effects on self-care and management and significant outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes. Overall progress in physiologic indicators, selfcare and improvement in quality of patient life with Type 2 Diabetes. Though, the studies emphasized results in small populations, with little indication of future scaling of the intervention. Moreover, the results indicate a need for further research into the self-management which includes nutrition informatics in self-care management regime, and it needs to focus on region wise availability of informatics on nutrition. This will also help in co-management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Self-management appears to be an effective means of improving health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and therefore mobile led selfcare management interventions with nutritional informatics can be advantageous.