Background Stroke is usually end result of predisposing conditions that originated years before the ictus. Identification of its modifiable risk factors can help in planning preventive strategies. Objective To study the risk factors of stroke in adult patients. Methods A hospital based prospective cross sectional study was carried out in 160 stroke patients admitted in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara from November 2007- October 2010. Diagnosis of stroke was confirmed by CT scan of brain. Patients were then investigated for presence of conventional risk factors. The data was statistically analysed using Epi-Info. Results The mean age of stroke patients was 65.98 years ± 10.69 with 126 (78.8%) of patients belonging to age group ? 60 years. It afflicted higher percentage of males 104 (65%) than females 56 (35%). Analysis of stroke subtypes showed preponderance of haemorrhagic stroke in 85 (53.1%) as against infarction in 75 (46.9%) of cases. Other conventional modifiable risk factors were seen as follows: hypertension 98 (61.2 %), cigarette smoking 95 (59.4%), alcohol use 43 (26.9%), left ventricular hypertrophy 44 (27.5%), atrial fibrillation 37(23%), elevated triglyceride 37(23%), diabetes mellitus 15 (9.3%) and elevated total cholesterol 12 (7.5%). Multiple risk factors (? 2) were seen in 122 (76.5 %) cases. ConclusionsThe maximum occurrence of stroke was seen in patients > 60 years. Overall male preponderance and higher occurrence of haemorrhagic stroke was seen in our study. Significant risk factors in order of descending order were hypertension, cigarette smoking, left ventricular hypertrophy, alcohol use, atrial fibrillation and elevated triglycerides.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6337 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):244-7

Nepal's Ministry of Health began offering free lifetime hemodialysis (HD) in 2016. There has been a large growth in renal replacement therapy (RRT) services offered in Nepal since 2010, when the last known data on the subject was published. In 2016, 42 HD centers existed (223% increase since 2010) serving 1975 end stage renal disease patients (303% increase since 2010); 36 nephrologists were registered (200% increase since 2010), 12 were trained in transplantation, and 790 transplants had been performed to date. We estimate the incidence of end stage renal disease to be 2900 patients (100 per million population). With an annual cost of approximately US$2300 per dialysis patient, offering free dialysis could potentially cost the government US$6.7 million per year, suggesting that 2.1% of the annual health budget would be allocated to 0.01% of the population. The geographic zone surrounding the capital city, Kathmandu, contains 50% of HD centers, but only 14.5% of Nepal's population. Forty-eight percent of the population lives within zones without HD service, therefore infrastructure challenges exist in providing equitable access to RRT. The aim of this article is to summarize the current statistics of RRT in Nepal.

Background: Acute poisoning is a common medical emergency encountered in practice. The knowledge profile of poisoning cases encountered in a particular area is useful to prepare health care professionals to handle these emergencies efficiently. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out by perusing and analyzing the hospital records of all the 160 cases of poisoning admitted above 15 years of age to Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from July 2008 to June 2011. Results: The maximum percentage (43.1%) of poisoning cases occurred in younger age group (15-24 years). Gender distribution of poisoning cases showed steep rise in males after 40 years of age with male to female ratio of 3.8:1. Suicidal poisoning are most common 122 (76%). Organophosphorus compounds were most common cause of poisoning 67 (41.9%). Conclusion: Highest number of cases of poisoning was encountered in younger age group 15-24 years. There was steep rise of poisoning cases after 40 years of age in males (M:F=3.8:1). Organophosphorus compounds were most commonly used for this purpose. Keywords: Acute poisoning; organophosphorus; snake bite; suicide DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5792   Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 23-26

Background and Aims: Glomerular disease is the one of the major cause of end stage kidney disease in Nepal. We have undertaken this study to know the spectrum of glomerular disease in native kidneys in patients attending department of nephrology of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital.