Landslides in northern India are a frequently occurring risk during the rainy season resulting in human, animal, and property losses as well as obstructing transportation facilities. Usually, numerical and analytical approaches are applied to predicting and monitoring landslides, but the unpredictable nature of rainfall-induced landslides limits these methods. Sensor-based monitoring is an accurate and reliable method, and it also collects accurate and site-specific required data for further investigation with a numerical and analytical approach. This study developed a low-cost tilt-based rainfall-induced landslide monitoring system using the economical and precise MEMS sensor to record displacement and volumetric water content. A self-developed direct shear-based testing setup was used to check the system’s operational performance. A physical slope model was also prepared to test the monitoring system in real scenarios. A debris failure occurred at Kotrupi village in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, India, which was chosen for the modelling to investigate the failure mechanism. A rainfall generator was developed to simulate the rainfall, equipped with a flow sensor for better simulation and data recording. The tilt angle records the deviation in terms of angle with a least count of 0.01 degrees, and the moisture content was recorded in terms of percentage with a least count of 1. The results show that the developed system is working properly and is very effective in monitoring the rainfall-induced landslide as it monitors the gradual and sudden movement effectively. This study explains the mechanism behind the landslide, and it can be helpful in monitoring the slope to enable the implementation of preventative actions that will mitigate its impact.

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In recent years, in regions of the highly seismic prone area, steel construction has changed from moment resistant frames to concentrically braced frames. To withstand earthquake forces, bracing part of the structural pattern by providing extra stiffness plays a crucial role in structural action. Concentric bracing in building frames is one of the most common horizontal load resistance patterns. For this reason, seven distinct models were created by changing the bracing pattern in the steel frame and analyzed for wind and seismic forces A 20-story steel frame structure is explored in this presented work. From this research, it can be inferred that the bracing factor will have a very significant impact on structural behavior under seismic loading. The most desirable bracing framework is the Backward bracing pattern. Horizontal displacement at the top floor is decreased by approximately 50 percent for Backward braced in frame structure compared to without bracing pattern.

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