Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Inadequate control of diabetes leads to chronic complications and higher mortality rates, which emphasizes the importance of achieving glycemic targets. Although glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) is the gold standard for measuring glycemic control, it has several limitations. Therefore, in recent years, along with the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology, glycemic control modalities have moved beyond HbA 1c . They encompass modern glucometrics, such as glycemic variability (GV) and time-in-range (TIR). The key advantage of these newer metrics over HbA 1c is that they allow personalized diabetes management with person-centric glycemic control. Basal insulin analogues, especially second-generation basal insulins with properties such as longer duration of action and low risk of hypoglycemia, have demonstrated clinical benefits by reducing GV and improving TIR. Therefore, for more effective and accurate diabetes management, the development of an integrated approach with second-generation basal insulin and glucometrics involving GV and TIR is the need of the hour. With this objective, a multinational group of endocrinologists and diabetologists reviewed the existing recommendations on TIR, provided their clinical insights into the individualization of TIR targets, and elucidated on the role of the second-generation basal insulin analogues in addressing TIR.

Dyspepsia is defined as upper abdominal or retrosternal pain or discomfort referable to the proximal alimentary tract. Dyspepsia is a major health problem. The aim of the study is to find out the risk factors associated with dyspepsia. Total 203 patients with dyspepsia participated in the study and analyzed for H. pylori infection and questioned for risk factors like intake of coffee and spices. Most of the patients were from age group of 18-38 years and minimum from 49-60 yrs. Out of 203 patients 36 was found positive for H. pylori infection.104 males and 99 females participated in the study. The males were found to be more infected with H. pylori than female. Spicy food was consumed by 115 patients and 88 patients consumed non spicy food. Coffee consumption was found to be less in 117 patients than 86 patients who consumed >3 cups of coffee each day. Spicy food habit and increased consumption of coffee may possibly associated with increase in symptoms of dyspepsia along with H. pylori infection.

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