Tregs from AITD patients are partly dysfunctional, possibly explaining their autoimmunity. Future work will elucidate the diagnostic potential and pathophysiology of Tregs in AITD.

Background: Cancer chemotherapeutics often lead to significant toxicities. Identifying alternative strategies that do not cause direct cytotoxicity is desirable. Results: Partial ATP depletion induces AML differentiation without direct cytotoxicity in an ATR/Chk1-dependent fashion. Conclusion: Partial ATP depletion is a promising strategy for AML. Significance: Characterizing therapeutic strategies that do not involve direct cytotoxicity is important to improve cancer therapy.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine that affect children and adults. The etiology is multifactorial with the contribution of genetic, immune, microbial, and environmental risk factors with a substantial involvement of host:microbial cross-talk in the lumen. Whether and how antiviral responses contribute to IBD pathogenesis is under intense investigation. Here, we identified two unrelated patients diagnosed with infantile-onset IBD with rare variants in type III Interferons (IFNs), also known as interferon lambdas, a group of IFNs that play key roles in the protection against enteric viruses. The first patient was found to have homozygous variants in both IFNL2 and IFNL3, the genes encoding, IFN lambda-2 and IFN lambda-3, respectively. The second patient was found to have inherited compound heterozygous variants in IFNL3, with one of the two alleles bearing the same variant as the first patient. Functional analyses revealed that the proteins coded for by these variant IFN-lambda genes exhibited defects in the induction of IFN signaling. More detailed assessment of the variants identified in Patient 1 demonstrated defects in their ability to bind to IFN lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1), as well as their ability to induce heterodimerization of IFNLR1 and IL10RB, which together compromise the functional receptor for IFN lambda (IFNLR). These patient-encoded IFN lambda variants also exhibit defects in the ability to induce robust downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in patient-derived intestinal organoids. All in all, we demonstrate that infantile-onset IBD is associated with variants in IFN lambdas and defective induction of downstream IFN signaling.