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This paper investigated the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Nigeria using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) estimated with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The study used annual secondary data obtained from the World Bank indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria for the period under review (1980-2018). Findings from the study support the validity of the EKC hypothesis for CO 2 emissions. The study therefore recommended a harmonious environmental and economic policy mix that would engender greater income but keeping the protection of the environment a priority.

The major purpose of economic instruments is to control pollution by harnessing the power of market incentives. Against this background, this paper examined and assessed the use of economic instruments for environmental sustainability in the Nigerian oil and gas sector. The political economy method was adopted to illuminate the issues surrounding the use of economic instruments in Nigeria. The study found that the use of economic instruments has not been effective in the Nigerian oil and gas sector. This was due mainly to inadequacies of economic instruments in use. The study thus recommended a combination of commandandcontrol tools and market based instruments to combat environmental problems in the oil and gas sector. Also, the government should muster sufficient will and determination to enforce the content of the Gas Flaring (Prevention of Waste Pollution) Regulation 2018.