It is essential to incorporate the impact of investor behavior when modeling the dynamics of asset returns. In this paper, we reconcile behavioral finance and rational finance by incorporating investor behavior within the framework of dynamic asset pricing theory. To include the views of investors, we employ the method of subordination which has been proposed in the literature by including business (intrinsic, market) time. We define a mixed Lévy subordinated model by adding a single subordinated Lévy process to the well-known log-normal model, resulting in a new log-price process. We apply the proposed models to study the behavioral finance notion of "greed and fear" disposition from the perspective of rational dynamic asset pricing theory. The greedy or fearful disposition of option traders is studied using the shape of the probability weighting function. We then derive the implied probability weighting function for the fear and greed deposition of option traders in comparison to spot traders. Our result shows the diminishing sensitivity of option traders. Diminishing sensitivity results in option traders overweighting the probability of big losses in comparison to spot traders.

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The objective of this paper is to introduce the theory of option pricing for markets with informed traders within the framework of dynamic asset pricing theory. We introduce new models for option pricing for informed traders in complete markets, where we consider traders with information on the stock price direction and stock return mean. The Black–Scholes–Merton option pricing theory is extended for markets with informed traders, where price processes are following continuous-diffusions. By doing so, the discontinuity puzzle in option pricing is resolved. Using market option data, we estimate the implied surface of the probability for a stock upturn, the implied mean stock return surface, and implied trader information intensity surface.