A study of the surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve (PN) was performed in 13 female and 7 male cadavers. The knowledge of the precise anatomy and anomalies of this important nerve would help in better localization of the nerve and its roots and branches for neurostimulation or for pudendal canal decompression in pudendal canal syndrome. Two routes were used in the dissection: gluteal and perineal. The PN was identified and its course was followed from its roots to its termination. The PN was composed of three roots derived from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th anterior sacral rami (S 2,3,4). The roots received a contribution from S 1 in five cadavers and from S 5 in one. The three roots formed two cords. The first root continued as the upper cord while the second and third root fused together producing the lower cord. The PN was formed by union of the two cords a short distance proximal to the sacrospinous ligament, and then crossed the back of the ligament. In no specimen did the nerve cross the ischial spine. The inferior rectal nerve arose from the PN in the pudendal canal in 18 cadavers. In two cases it came out proximal to the canal; this would spare the two subjects the anorectal manifestations of the pudendal canal syndrome. As the PN crossed the back of the sacrospinous ligament, it gave origin to a branch that supplied the levator ani muscle. This branch was only found in male cadavers and we call it "accessory rectal nerve"; the levator ani muscle in such cadavers was doubly innervated on its perineal aspect.

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Autoclaving, the most widely available sterilization method, is applied to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrophysiology devices. The process does not harm morphology or electrical properties, while it effectively kills E. coli intentionally cultured on the devices. This finding paves the way to widespread introduction of PEDOT:PSS electrophysiology devices to the clinic.

There has been a growing interest in the applications of wireless sensor networks in unattended environments. In such applications, sensor nodes are usually deployed randomly in an area of interest. Knowledge of accurate node location is essential in such network setups in order to correlate the reported data to the origin of the sensed phenomena. In addition, awareness of the nodes' positions can enable employing efficient management strategies such as geographic routing and conducting important analyses such as node coverage properties. In this paper, we present an efficient anchor-free protocol for localization in wireless sensor networks. Each node discovers its neighbors that are within its transmission range and estimates their ranges. Our algorithm fuses local range measurements in order to form a network wide unified coordinate systems while minimizing the overhead incurred at the deployed sensors. Scalability is achieved through grouping sensors into clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves precise localization of sensors and maintains consistent error margins. In addition, we capture the effect of error accumulation of the node's range estimates and network's size and connectivity on the overall accuracy of the unified coordinate system.