BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran and the world. Multiple environmental factors and genetic variations such as genetic polymorphisms are of its main causes. p53 gene plays an important role in conserving and sustaining the genome as a tumor suppressing gene. Change and polymorphism at codon 72 of p53 gene are correlated with increased risk of lung, mouth, endometrial, prostate, and colorectal cancers, and could be considered an indicator of susceptibility to breast cancer.MethodsTwelve studies (1,190 cases and 1,145 control studies with evaluation of three types of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, and Pro/Pro genotypes) have been conducted using keywords, such as polymorphism at codon 72, gene p53 polymorphisms, and the relation between polymorphisms and breast cancer, from databases in Iran, including Magiran, Medlibe, Sid, and Iranmedex, as well as Latin databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus.ResultsThe OR for Arg/Arg is 1.58 (95% CI: 2.45 to 1.01), the OR for Arg/Pro is 0.75 (95% CI: 1.10 to 0.51), and the OR for Pro/Pro is 0.62 (95% CI: 0.93 to 0.42). p53 gene polymorphism at codon 72 is statistically significant in Arg/Arg and Pro/Pro genotypes.ConclusionsArg/Arg genotype can be considered as a risk factor for breast cancer, and Pro/Pro genotype can be accounted for as a protective factor against breast cancer.

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) or tropical sore is a parasitic disease, which is considered the second leading parasitic disease after malaria by the World Health Organization in terms of its reservoirs, carriers and characteristics. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of combined fighting methods on this disease in Qasr-e-Shirin, Iran, as the indigenous region of this disease. Methods: The present quasi-experimental community trial selected Qasr-e-Shirin for administering ZCL control programs in 2015-2016 based on the disease incidence, and compared the incidence in 2015-2016 with that in 2013-2014. This intervention comprised three parts, including fighting the reservoir by using rodenticides, fighting the carrier by spraying and using foggers as well as public education. The patients' epidemiological data were then collected, and the incidence was analyzed and compared before and after the intervention. Results: The incidence of ZCL reduced in Qasr-e-Shirin from 14.5 in every 10,000 individuals in 2013 to 7 in 2016 through taking control measures and interventions, suggesting statistically significant differences in the incidence before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Given the climatic conditions and types of carrier, reservoir, soil and building texture in Qasr-e-Shirin, the combined method of fighting, i.e. fighting the reservoir, fighting the carrier and public education, could reduce the incidence of ZCL to more than one third in March 2017 compared to in 2014. The multilateral intervention was also found to be the most effective method of fighting this disease.