to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes parasites in cattle. A total of 384 randomly selected cattle were sampled and examined using standard coprological procedure. The overall prevalence was 39.8% of gastrointestinal (GI) helminthes and the prevalent helminthes eggs identified were 15.6% Paramphistomum species (spp), 10.4% strongly type eggs, 8.6% Fasciola spp., 3.1% Trichuris species and 2.1% Toxocaraspecies. This result indicated the highest prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. eggs than other helminthes egg and the lowest prevalence of Toxocara species egg. There was statistically significant difference among the age groups in paramphistomum and strongly infection (χ2=24.960, p≤0.001) and (χ2=17.047, p≤0.001) respectively. Higher prevalence rate was shown in 2-5 years age of cattle. Between body conditions there was also significant (p≤0.000 and p≤0.013) difference in paramphistomum and strongly and which was higher in moderate animals and lower in animals with good body condition. Sex had no significant effect on the prevalence of helminthes parasite, except for strongly type of egg. The present study revealed that there is high prevalence of GI helminthes infection in cattle in the study area. Therefore, strategic prevention should be advocated to prevent the problem in and around Kombolcha.

to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in pig slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise, central part of Ethiopia. A total of 251 pigs were randomly sampled and routine meat inspection procedure was employed to detect the presence of hydatid cyst in the visceral organs (lung, liver, spleen and kidney), where 25 (9.96%) pigs were positive. Analysis of risk factors for occurrence of the disease revealed that there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in swine with different body condition scores and age groups. However, significant variation was not observed (P>0.05) across different sex and origin. Prevalence of distribution of hydatid cyst in different organs from total examined swine were 3.59%, 3.19%, 1.99%, 0.80%, 0.40%, for lungs and livers, livers, lungs, spleens and kidney respectively. In this study, the liver was found to be the most predominantly affected organ (6.77%) followed by the lungs (5.58%), spleen (0.80%) and the least affected organ was kidney (0.40%). As regards size of the cyst from total infected organs, organ with small sized cysts had the highest percentage (67.6%), followed by medium sized cysts (20.6%) and large sized cysts (11.8%). Livers (44.1%) were predominant organ infected with small cyst size while spleen (5.9%) and kidney (2.9%) have only small cyst size. Lungs (14.7%) and liver (5.9%) were infected with medium cyst size while only lungs (11.8%) have large cyst size. From the total of 34 (100%) affected organs, only 4 (11.8%) lungs have more than or equal to three cyst numbers while remaining 30 (88.2 %) affected organs were with less than three cyst numbers.

In developing countries such as Ethiopia, leech infestation is a neglected parasitic disease of livestock. Although such studies are important, little attention has been paid to the occurrence, impact and risk factors of leech infestation in livestock in Ethiopia. The objective of the current study was to assess farmers' knowledge of leech infestation and control practices, and to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of leech infestation in domestic animals in northwestern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts of North Gondar Zone from February 2021 to August 2021. Livestock (n=2040) and 300 respondents for questionnaire survey were randomly selected. According to the results of the questionnaire survey, 98.67% of the respondents were aware of leech infestation, the effects of leeches and the locally available control methods. Cattle had the highest prevalence (10.08%), followed by horses (3.67%), goats (2.48%), and sheep (2.02%). Using a chi-square test, a significant association was found between the prevalence of leech infestation and risk factors such as animal species, sex, age, body condition, and season (p < 0.05). Observation of the water bodies revealed that leeches become more active when the water becomes slightly warmer due to sunlight, and they become especially active when the animals want to drink from the water. The current results indicate that leech infestation is the biggest problem for livestock in the study areas, so cost-effective and environmentally friendly control methods must be used.