The tourism industry has long been accused of being the major driver of global warming as a result of the size of the industry and its subsequent high energy consumption, most of which comes from sources that emit carbon dioxide. However, in spite of the criticism directed towards tourism due to its negative effects on the environment, there is a scarcity of research that has aimed to ascertain its impact on the environment, thus revealing the existence of a gap in the literature. The current study uses a dynamic GMM model for 38 OECD countries from 2008 to 2019 for the purpose of filling the gap in the literature by investigating the effects of tourism development on the environment, as well as ascertaining the role of renewable energy in mitigating environmental impact. Unlike past studies that have alluded to the fact that tourism development exacerbates the emissions of carbon dioxide and hence global warming, the current research shows that in the OECD countries, tourism does not have any significant link with greenhouse gas emissions. This is because OECD nations have long started to shift from the use of fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy that do not exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions. However, the current research concurs with the findings of past studies that renewable energy consumption significantly decreases greenhouse gas emissions. The use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels should continue to be encouraged in all nations for the purpose of achieving the carbon neutrality goal of the United Nations.

No abstract

No abstract

The current study is aimed at investigating the causal link among the use of renewable energy, rate of currency exchange and the rate of in ation of Brazil with the ARDL model. The ndings of the ECM show that in the long-run a bidirectional causal association between exchange rate and renewable energy of Brazil exists. This shows that the rate of currency exchange causes use of renewable energy, and the use of renewable energy causes the rate of currency exchange in Brazil. In ation rate also causes renewable energy and exchange rate of Brazil in the long-run. The rate of adjustment to equilibrium is also very low, below 50%, indicating that it will take long to adjust to long-run equilibrium. In the short-run, we ascertain that renewable energy use in Brazil has a signi cant negative effect on the rate of currency exchange, showing that a rise in the use of renewable energy in Brazil signi cantly cause the exchange rate to appreciate. Thus, on top of lowering carbon-dioxide emissions and global warming effects, renewable energy use in Brazil signi cantly improves the currency's value. Therefore, the use of renewable energy should be promoted and nations should shift to using renewable energy. This move will also encourage zero carbon in the future.

The vast usage of sources of energy that pollute the environment has caused major problems of global warming in the world. Global warming and greenhouse effect causes droughts, hunger and starvation among many other health problems. In this research the effect of energy use, economic, growth and renewable energy on carbon emissions in the European Union region from 1990-2019 is examined. The current study differs from previous researches done in this region, in that it speci es in the model "effective capital", which is the interaction between energy and capital (a product of energy and capital).Effective capital is inevitable in the production process, because physical capital such as machinery, without power or energy to fuel it, is dysfunctional. The current research employs the Generalized Method of Moments which is strong over endogeneity and overcomes heteroskedasticity, serial and autocorrelation problems for robust results. The ndings of this research support past studies that renewable energy reduces carbon emissions and Gross Domestic Product exacerbates carbon emissions.Effective capital and energy use are observed to promote carbon emissions, whereas capital and population size reduces carbon emissions in the European Union.