A cytotaxonomic study of the medically important insect vector, Simulium damnosum s.l., revealed the presence of seven and possibly eight distinct taxa from central and northeastern Tanzania. Larval salivary gland polytene chromosome maps are presented for the first time for five cytotypes and one sibling species, which include the Nkusi form, the Sanje form, the Kisiwani form, Ketaketa C1 and C2, and the Kibwezi form. Inversion disequilibrium in males of the Kibwezi form indicate population substructuring is occurring and that this population may be in the early stages of speciation. Adults of the sibling species S. damnosum Kibwezi form and cytotype of the S. damnosum Nkusi form were identified using Malpighian tubule polytene chromosomes. The taxonomic status of the populations under study are discussed in relation to previously published papers and unpublished reports. Dimorphisms for centromere band enhancement occur on all three polytene chromosomes of the complement. The same centromere band can be polymorphic, sex linked, fixed, or lost in various cytotypes. In constructing a partial phylogeny, a hypothetical intermediate is proposed to account for the diverse fate of these centromere band dimorphisms and other inversion polymorphisms in different members of this nearly pan African complex. This pattern of chromosome restructuring is consistent with that seen for other species complexes within the Simuliidae.

The Simulium neavei group is medically important as a vector of human onchocerciasis and is unique among blackflies because of the attachment to freshwater crabs during parts of the larval and pupal life cycle stages. Detailed larval salivary gland polytene chromosome maps are presented for two taxa designated S. neavei Amani form A and S. neavei Amani form B, which are probably synonymous with the previously described morphospecies, S. nyasalandicum and S. woodi, respectively. Simulium neavei Amani form B differs from S. neavei Amani form A by three paracentric inversions, a large deletion and a chromocentre, while the latter taxon differs from the former one by a mid-arm interchange. The fixed mid-arm interchange (1-tr) between two related taxa is unique among the Simuliidae. Detailed banding analysis of S. neavei Amani form B shows that, relative to S. neavei Amani form A, sections 16a, 16b, and 17c of the short arm of chromosome one (IS) have been inserted into section 69/70 of the short arm of chromosome three (IIIS). Assignment of directionality for this interchange inferred because of the near universality in the Simuliidae of a chromosome III long arm to short arm ratio of 2:1. We propose that the mid-arm interchange acted as a primary isolating mechanism because of the segregational load on F1 heterozygous interchange progeny. The magnitude of the segregational load would be dependent on the frequency of pairing and crossing-over between the transposed interstitial segment and its original counterpart in the chromosome complement. Nonpairing in the transposed region and normal random segregation would presumably lead to a 50% of gametes carrying the duplicated or deficient transposed segment, resulting in a segregation load of 50%. However, crossing-over in the paired interstitial region may greatly increase segregational load as result of multivalent formation at metaphase one (MI) and the generation of dicentric bridge(s) and acentric fragment(s) upon cell division. Such meiotic disjunction irregularities could lead to meiotic arrest, gametic loss and (or) cell restitution, and the eventual formation of polyploid (lethal) zygotes.