Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals are involved in a variety of biological phenomena , such as mutation, carcinogenesis , degenerative and other diseases, in ammation, aging, and development . ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as deleterious and bene cial species. The objectives of this review are to describe oxidative stress phenomena , terminology, de nitions, and basic chemical characteristics of the species involved; examine the biological targets susceptible to oxidation and the defense mechanisms of the organism against these reactive metabolites; and analyze methodologies , including immunohistochemica l markers, used in toxicological pathology in the visualization of oxidative stress phenomena . Direct detection of ROS and other free radicals is dif cult, because these molecules are short-lived and highly reactive in a nonspeci c manner. Ongoing oxidative damage is, thus, generally analyzed by measuremen t of secondary products including derivatives of amino acids, nuclei acids, and lipid peroxidation . Attention has been focused on electrochemica l methods based on voltammetry measurements for evaluating the total reducing power of biological uids and tissues. This approach can function as a tool to assess the antioxidant-reducin g pro le of a biological site and follow changes in pathological situations. This review thus includes different topics essential for understanding oxidative stress phenomen a and provides tools for those intending to conduct study and research in this eld.
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and differential diagnosis for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the hepatobiliary system of laboratory rats and mice, with color microphotographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available for society members electronically on the internet (http://goreni.org). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions of the hepatobiliary system in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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