We have used video-microscopy to observe the behavior of liquid crystal (LC) droplets within nematic droplet-polymer films (NCAP) as the droplets respond to an applied electric field. The textures observed at intermediate fields yielded information about the process of liquid crystal orientation dynamics within droplets.The nematic droplet-polymer films had low LC content (less than 1 percent) to allow the observation of individual droplets in a 2-6Rm size range. The aqueous emulsification technique was used to prepare the films as it allows the straightforward preparation of low LC content films with a controlled droplet size range. Standard electro-optical (E-O) tests were also performed on the films, allowing us to correlate single droplet behavior with that of the film as a whole. Hysteresis measured in E-O tests was visually confirmed by droplet orientation dynamics; a film which had high hysteresis in E-O tests exhibited distinctly different LC orientations within the droplet when ramped up in voltage than when ramped down in voltage.Ramping the applied voltage to well above saturation resulted in some droplets becoming "stuck" in a new droplet structure which can be made to revert back to bipolar with high voltage pulses or with heat.

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on Ti thin films, their phase and stoichiometric evolution, as a function of well below ablation threshold laser fluence, and the number of pulses, is investigated. The experiments were carried out in ambient air by using a femtosecond laser at a wavelength of 1030 nm with a pulse duration of 270 fs, operating at a repetition rate of 18.6 kHz. On the one hand, the formation of LSFL composed by an either single phase (C-Ti2O3 or r-TiO2-x) or a two-phase mixture of titanium oxide (C-Ti2O3 +r-TiO2-x) is reported. The titanium oxide phases were obtained by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The orientation of the LSFL, either parallel or perpendicular with respect to the polarization of the incident beam, correlate well with the electronic nature of the titanium oxide phases. On the other hand, the results also show the formation of HSFL, this under low cumulative fluence, with periods of 398 and 460 nm with a two-phase mixture of titanium oxide in the form ofa-Ti2O3+ C-Ti2O3and C-Ti2O3+ r-TiO2-x, respectively. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that single phase C-Ti2O3 or r-TiO2-x LIPSS are reported.

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on a bismuth thin film with a femtosecond laser is reported for the first time. The surface structures were generated at normal incidence in air environment with fluence below the ablation threshold. The effect of the number of pulses on the LIPSS morphology and on their chemical composition was investigated. The results show the generation of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL), accompanied by regularly distributed nanoparticles. The LIPSS are oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization with a period ΛLSFL that doesn't show a significant variation with the number of pulses (∼1µm). In contrast to previous studies for LIPSS formation on bismuth films under ns laser irradiation [Opt. Mater. Express, 7(6), 1777-1786 (2017)], in the present case no oxidation was observed.

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