Diabetes is a severe chronic disease that arises when insulin generation is insufficient, or the generated insulin cannot be used in the body, making it a long-term metabolic disorder. Diabetes affects an estimated 537 million adults worldwide between the age of 20 to 79 (10.5% of all adults in this age range). By 2030, 643 million people will have diabetes globally, increasing to 783 million by 2045. According to the IDF 10th edition, the incidence of diabetes has been rising in South-East Asia (SEA) nations for at least 20 years, and current estimates have outperformed all previous forecasts. This review aims to provide updated estimates and future projections of diabetes prevalence at the national and global levels by using data from the 10th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021. For this review, we studied more than 60 previously published related articles from various sources, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, and we extracted 35 studies out of 60. however, we used only 34 studies directly related to diabetes and its prevalence at the global, SEA, and Indian levels. This review article concludes that in 2021 more than 1 in 10 adults worldwide developed diabetes. The estimated prevalence of diabetes in adults (20 to 79 years) has more than tripled since the first edition in 2000, rising from an estimated 151 million (4.6% of the world’s population at the time) to 537.5 million (10.5%) of the world’s population today. The prevalence rate will be higher than 12.8% by 2045. In addition, this study indicates that the incidence of diabetes in the world, Southeast Asia, and India was 10.5%, 8.8%, and 9.6%, respectively, throughout 2021 and will rise to 12.5%, 11.5%, and 10.9%, respectively by 2045.

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Insulin is an endocrine hormone produced by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It regulates blood sugar levels and various anabolic activities such as glycogenesis and lipid synthesis. Despite the fact that insulin therapy has been around for 100 years, insulin formulations are continually being improved to lower the risk of hypoglycaemia and other adverse effects, including weight gain. The development of insulin pens has significantly reduced the consequences of hypoglycaemia instead of vials and syringes. Both injectable devices were well-received by the patients. In the population under study, the efficacy and safety profiles of the pen appeared to be comparable to those of the vial/syringe. However, more patients reported that they would like to keep using pen devices. This article aimed to summarize the background of insulin, its mechanism, types, needle size, injection technique, adverse drug reactions and various studies related to insulin. It has been recommended intensive treatment of type-1 and type-2 diabetes patients to achieve good metabolic control and avoid chronic complications caused by poor glycaemic control. Healthcare professionals should address concerns about safe and effective implementation of inpatient hypoglycaemic control and insulin usage and they should empower patients to self-manage their diabetes, so they may improve their quality of life as well as avoid potential complications. Much more progress is expected in the future, at a faster pace, based on the implementation of well-organized recovery efforts, advancing technologies, and scientific collaboration.

In this review, we discussed in brief about the recent emergency update released by the World Health Organization (WHO) (July 22, 2022) on Marburg virus disease (MVD). This virus was first identified in some African countries in 1976 as hemorrhagic fever. This was noticed that year during a series of Marburg virus (MARV) infections in German cities as well as in the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade. The epidemic was linked to research involving African apes transported from Uganda. To complete this review, we used previously published studies related to this disease and a regular visit to the WHO’s official website to know the current status of MVD. Information was collected from Google scholar, PubMed, Research gate, and national library of medicine from September 2022 to December 2022. The main objective of this study is to provide current information on MVD to researchers, practicians, health-care professionals, and academicians due to awareness. If people know about that disease, only then can they handle and prevent it themselves. For this, we include the pathogenesis of the disease, epidemiology status, symptoms of the disease, how to diagnose according to the WHO guidelines, possible treatments according to the WHO, and a brief comparison of COVID-19 and MARV. This is a needful study for future perspective because if no one takes it seriously, then maybe in the future, it will become a severe pandemic like COVID-19.