The present work is a brief overview of the effect of psychostimulant drug mephedrone hydrochloride (4MMC) on a transport protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). The binding effect of 4MMC on BSA has been investigated by using UV-visible, steady-state fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Fourier transform infrared, circular dichroism, and molecular docking method. 4-Methylmephedrone quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by static quenching mechanism, which was further confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence. The absorption spectrum of BSA in the presence of various concentrations of 4MMC reveals the change in the absorption bands of BSA-4MMC complex. The binding constant between 4MMC and BSA was calculated to be of the order of 10 Lmol . The thermodynamic parameters such as molar enthalpy change (∆H), molar Gibbs free energy change (∆G), and molar entropy contribution (∆S) were obtained by the van't Hoff equation. The values obtained suggested that the binding mechanism was entropic driven and the major forces involved are hydrophobic in nature. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer result indicates the high probability of energy transfer from Trp residue of BSA to the 4MMC (r = 2.01 nm). Fourier transform infrared and CD results showed that 4MMC induced secondary structural changes in BSA. The esterase-like activity of BSA in presence of 4MMC further validated our CD results, confirming the distortion and change in functionality of protein upon binding with 4MMC. Molecular docking analysis showed that 4MMC principally bind at the II site (subdomain IIIA) of BSA.

The aim and scope of the paper is to simulate the signal propagation parameters estimation through designed multi-layer fibre with higher dominant modes by using OptiFibre simulation software. The multi-layer fibre profile has a length of 1000 m is designed and clarified with six layers. RI difference profile variations are clarified with radial distance variations. Modal/group index, group delay, dispersion, mode field diameter and total fibre losses are demonstrated with the fibre wavelength variations. All the dominant mode field distribution for multi-layer fibre are simulated and demonstrated. The other modes for designed multi-layer fibre with the theoretical fibre cutoff values for the different modes based the designed multi-layer fibre are analyzed and clarified clearly in details.

The study clarified spatial single mode laser interaction with measured pulse based parabolic index multimode fiber. Peak power level margin, maximum/minimum signal amplitude margin after parabolic index multimode fiber are measured with core radius of 25 µm, cladding thickness of 10 µm, refractive index peak of 1.4142, length of 300 m, and refractive index step of 1%. Maximum signal power margin against spectral frequency after PIN light detector based parabolic fiber properties is tested under the same operating parameters. The signal power amplitude/power within parabolic index multimode fiber is also measured based on variations of fiber lengths and relative refractive index step. The study implies the multimode graded index fibers with parabolic or near parabolic index profile cores have transmission bandwidths than other multimode fibers.