have been aimed at understanding the character of the virus, the etiology and epidemiology of the disease, its mode of transmission and control. The virus has been understood to be transmitted through the air environment and via surfaces (Quin et al., 2020; Kampf et al., 2020), and air pollution has naturally been a major subject of study in this regard. Other researchers (Ogen, 2020) have indicated that since air pollution also leads to chronic respiratory stress, it could also limit the ability of the human body to defend itself from infections, including that of COVID-19. Even though the lockdown imposed in many cities have, incidentally, resulted in temporary improvement in the quality of the local air environment, this impact could be just a temporary gain (Quin et al. 2020). This paper reviews the impact of air pollution on this pandemic and how it's management can help in controlling it. Air Pollution Sources and Characteristics of Major Air Pollutants Air pollution refers to the release of a materials into the air that are detrimental to human health and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. According to Kamal (2017), the major air pollution sources include: mobile sources (such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains), stationary sources (such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories), area sources (such as

Heavy metals concentration levels was determined using Instrumental Nitrogen Activation Analysis (INAA) is possible using Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR) which is a Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR). It is specifically used for the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. The selection of sediment sample is because, overtime, the chemical elements precipitate on the sediment bed; therefore the sediment sample will indicate the true nature of the chemical elements present in the river system. River Hadejia is a perennial river, though the dry season flow is from the upstream regulated flow from the Tiga and Bagauda dams. The sediment samples were collected using stratified random sampling technique based on change in land use activity. Samples were collected during dry and wet seasons and analyzed in the laboratory. The results obtained show the presence of chemical contaminants Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), and Europium (Eu) in concentrations above the permissible limits in the Hadejia river system. For example, Chromium (Cr) has mean concentration of 432.86 mg/l as against the permissible limit for both WHO, (2011) and NSDWQ, (2007) of 0.05mg/l. Anthropogenic and natural geology of the area are the key determinants of the presence of these chemical elements in the area. It is recommended among others that there is need for routing the actual sources of these contaminants in our river catchment areas.

No abstract

The study assessed water quality for drinking purpose of some reservoirs and ponds in Rimingado Local Government area in Kano region. The scarcity of drinking water in the study area lead to the consumption of untreated surface water directly from reservoirs and ponds. The research aimed at analysing the physico-chemical characteristics in the reservoirs and ponds in the study. The study investigated some physiochemical characteristics of the surface water in the area to ascertain the quality condition of the water, standard laboratory techniques were employed in the water quality analysis. The result shows that the levels of physical and chemical parameters are above national and international standards for drinking water. In all the water bodies BOD, phosphate, nitrate, turbidity, and colour were found to be above standards while DO, alkalinity, pH, taste and odour fall within the standard guideline limits. Most of the parameters analysed are above standards of NAFDAC, WHO, SON and FEFA among others. For this reasons the water in the six water bodies is found to be polluted. It is therefore recommended among other things that the water from these sources should be treated properly before consumption besides sourcing water from underground.

This study examine the effects of demographic characteristics on farmers’ level of awareness to climate change in Bunkure, Nigeria. The study hypothesized that, there is no significant relationship between farmers’ demographic characteristics and level of awareness to climate change. Survey design approach was adopted using primary data source. A total of three hundred and fourty-seven (347) farmers were selected purposively. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistic and ANOVA. The study revealed that majority of the farmers in the area are males that fall within the active age bracket due. However, the study concluded that the greater the size of the household the greater the chances of being engaged in farming and more aware on climate change effects. It was revealed that those that attend tertiary education do not participate in farming activities. Also large number of the respondents were aware that climate is changing through the educative programmes of mass media. The study recommended that, adequate support should be given to female to participate in all agricultural activities. Educated persons should be encourage to participate more on agriculture. More emphasis on dissemination of climate change issues on adaptation strategies through the mass media is also highly needed.