A stochastic process with a first order dependence in discrete state and time is described as Markov chain. This principle was used to formulate a four state model for annual rainfall distribution in Minna with respect to crop production. The model is designed such that if given any of the four state in a given year, it is possible to determine quantitatively the probability of making transition to any other three states in the following year(s) and in the long-run. The model was used to study the data of annual rainfall in Minna. The results show that in the long run 14% of annual rainfall shall be low rainfall, 34% annual rainfall will be moderate rainfall also well spread, 47% of the annual rainfall shall be high rainfall and 5% of the annual rainfall shall be moderate rainfall not well spread respectively. The model provides some information about rainfall in relation to crops cultivation that could be used by the farmers and the government to plan strategy for high crop production in Minna and the immediate environment.

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Income tax has contributed to a considerable amount of Nigeria's revenue generation, despite the fact that it is fraught with difficulties in both collection and execution. This study examines the impact of forensic accounting on tax payer attitude and compliance towards tax evasion within SMEs in the north east Nigeria. The study is cross-sectional, with data collected using simple random sampling. With the help of Smart PLS 3, partial least square structural equation modelling PLS-SEM on 102 responses was utilized to evaluate the data. The findings revealed that a forensic accounting check is required to address the issue of tax evasion in Nigeria to ensure a good attitude and compliance. Forensic Accounting (FA) improves Tax payers Attitude (TA) and Tax Compliance (TC) when they interact. Hence, when a taxpayer develops a positive attitude and comply with the tax laws, they are more likely to have a good financial record and the state would have better control over the tax evasion scale. In other words, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Northeast are more inclined to tax commitment if they are checked, and if the government use their contributions toward improving their standard of living, this will develop a positive attitude toward the behaviour of taxpayers in the region. Therefore, the government should provide awareness on the uses of tax revenue through sustainable enterprise support, infrastructure, and social welfare.

This paper investigated the impact of oil price volatility on some monetary variables in Nigeria under the framework of the GARCH models. The paper utilized three alternative error distributions in order to assist in providing better model fits and thus avoid biased results. Using monthly series over a period of 2006-2019, our findings revealed that, apart from the usual normal error distribution other error distributions perform better in the modelling of the impact of oil price volatility on monetary variables in Nigeria. The findings of the study also revealed that the asymmetric parameters of the models show evidence of leverage effect and oil price volatility plays a significant role in the determination of volatility of monetary variables. We, therefore, recommend that in modelling volatility of oil price and monetary variables in Nigeria, different error distributions should be considered. Contribution/ Originality: In this study, we contribute to the literature by exploring various error distributions. This approach is pertinent because restricting the study to only normal distribution which is the usual practice could lead to biased outcomes as other error distributions can perform better. Our study can be affirmed to have evidence of originality; therefore the validity, reliability and uniqueness cannot be contested.

This study examines the impact of board composition and board size on the market value of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. Ex-post factor research design was used and data was collected from annual reports and account of the sampled companies for the period from 2010 to 2019. The ordinary least square, fixed and random effects regression techniques were applied on the panel data collated to estimate the models. The paper documents significant positive effect of board size on the market value of the companies and insignificant but negative effect of board composition on the market value of the companies. In effect, the result suggests that board size plays important role in determining the market value of the firms. These findings are consistent with the agency theory of corporate governance which suggests higher number of members on board. It is recommended that the size of the board of firms in the sector should not be less than 9 members so as to enhance value.