Background In degenerative brain diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD), alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can be in its monomeric (a-syn-mono) or toxic oligomeric (a-syn-oligo) or as a total (a-syn-total) forms in the biological body fluids including saliva. Past research has observed major a-syn plasma variations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pointing toward brain degenerative components in their pathophysiology. No prior study has shown a-syn levels in ASD patients' saliva. Objective This study estimates the levels of alpha-synuclein monomer (a-syn-mono) and alpha-synuclein oligomer (a-syn-oligo) in the saliva of ASD affected children so that saliva can be a method for detecting disorder. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, multi-center study was conducted in Islamic International Medical College, Autism Resource Centre (ARC), and Step-to-learn Rehabilitation center for the slow learner in Rawalpindi. The research was performed for one year from August 2018 to August 2019. Saliva samples from 80 children (40 ASD affected children, and 40 age- and sex-comparable healthy controls) were collected. Specific anti-alpha-synuclein monomers (anti-a-syn-mono) and anti-alpha-synuclein oligomers (anti-a-syn-oligo) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits analyzed the salivary samples. Mean ± SD were reported for quantitative data. The data between the two groups were compared using an independent t-test. The p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 80 children were included in the study (n=40 ASD affected, n=40 healthy controls). The age of participating children was between four and eight years. The mean alpha-synuclein monomer level in the saliva of ASD children was 92.03 ± 117.09 pg/ml (p≤0.05), and in healthy subjects was 186.78 ± 239.31 ρg/ml. The levels of alpha-synuclein oligomer in the saliva of patients with ASD children were 0.13 ± 0.05 ng/ml (p<0.001), and in the healthy subjects was 0.33 ± 0.26 ng/ml. Both alpha-synuclein monomer and alpha-synuclein oligomer levels were low in the saliva of ASD children. Conclusion Children with ASD had low levels of alpha-synuclein monomer and oligomer than healthy children which are unique than that of levels found in other degenerative brain diseases.

Objective Blood pressure (BP) has been found to rise among populations due to the high body mass index (BMI). Overweight and persons who have high BP are prone to develop heart diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between BMI and BP among hypertensive patients in both males and females aged 18 years and above. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with a self-reported history of hypertension and anti-hypertensive medication. After taking ethical approval, a total of 337 patients aged 18 or above were selected by using convenience sampling. The duration of the study was six months. A detailed history was taken from each patient about hypertension associated symptoms with the help of a self-designed questionnaire. The BMI of the patients was assessed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the collected data. Spearman correlation was used, and p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results In a total of 337 patients, the mean age of the patients was 45.87±13.38 years. In which 176 (52.2%) were males and 161 (47.8%) were females. Their mean BMI level was 26.83±5.83 kg/m 2 , and the mean systolic blood pressure level was 141.78±13.00 mm Hg whereas the diastolic blood pressure was 85.21±10.03 mm Hg. The results also showed that among males the BMI had a significant negative correlation with both systolic blood pressure level (ρ = -0.212, p = 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure level (ρ = -0.208, p = 0.013), while in females the correlation was insignificant. Conclusion Our study results concluded that the BMI of the patients had a significant weak negative correlation with both systolic blood pressure level and diastolic blood pressure level in males; however, no significant correlation was found in females.