This investigation highlights the comparison of blood lactate removal during the period of recovery in which the subjects were required to sit down as a passive rest period, followed by active recovery at 30% VO(2)max and short term body massage, as the three modes of recovery used. Ten male athletes participated in the study. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer with loads at 150% VO(2)max, each session lasting 1 min, interspaced with 15 sec rest periods, until exhaustion. Blood lactate concentration was recorded at recovery periods of 0,3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min, while VO(2), VCO(2) and heart rate were recorded every 30 sec for 30 min. The highest mean lactate value was found after 3 min of recovery irrespective of the type of modality applied. Significantly lower half life of lactate was observed during active recovery (15.7 +/- 2.5 min) period, while short term massage as a means of recovery required 21.8 +/- 3.5 min and did not show any significant difference from a passive type of sitting recovery period of 21.5 +/- 2.8 min. Analysis of lactate values indicated no remarkable difference between massage and a passive type of sitting recovery period. It was observed that in short term massage recovery, more oxygen was consumed as compared to a passive type of sitting recovery. It is concluded from the study that the short term body massage is ineffective in enhancing the lactate removal and that an active type of recovery is the best modality for enhancing lactate removal after exercise.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a most common type of genetic mutations, result from single base pair alterations. Non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNP) occur in the coding regions of a gene and result in single amino acid substitution which might have the potential to affect the function as well as structure of the corresponding protein. In human the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases/Δ4,5-isomerase type 2 (HSD3B2) is an important membrane-bound enzyme involved in the dehydrogenation and Δ4,5-isomerization of the Δ5-steroid precursors into their respective Δ4-ketosteroids in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, progesterone, androgens, and estrogens in tissues such as adrenal gland, ovary, and testis. Most of the nsSNPs of HSD3B2 are still uncharacterized in terms of their disease causing potential. So, this study has been undertaken to explore and extend the knowledge related to the effect of nsSNPs on the stability and function of the HSD3B2. In this study sixteen nsSNP of HSD3B2 were subjected to in silico analysis using nine different algorithms: SIFT, PROVEAN, PolyPhen, MutPred, SNPeffect, nsSNP Analyzer, PhD SNP, stSNP, and I Mutant 2.0. The results obtained from the analysis revealed that the prioritization of diseases associated amino acid substitution as evident from possible alteration in structure–function relationship. Structural phylogenetic analysis using ConSurf revealed that the functional residues are highly conserved in human HSD3B2; and most of the disease associated nsSNPs are within these conserved residues. Structural theoritical models of HSD3B2 were created using HHPred, Phyre2 and RaptorX server. The predicted models were evaluated to get the best one for structural understanding of amino acid substitutions in three dimensional spaces.

This report provides for the first time rapid novel environment friendly cell surface based synthesis of stable gold nanoprisms at room temperature using Penicillium citrinum MTCC9999 biomass. The UV-Visible spectral scan of dispersed gold nanoparticles (GNPs) solution showed absorption maxima at 540 nm due to surface plasma resonance (SPR) of gold nanoparticles. Typical Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) images showed that most of them were prism (55%) shaped with a diameter ranging from 20-40 nm. These results obtained from TEM correlated well with the data obtained from Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) experiment. Average zeta potential of GNPs was −20 mV suggesting some biomolecules capped the nanoparticles imparting a net negative charge over it. FTIR analysis also showed that protein molecules were involved in stabilization.