This paper analyses the role of political economy to influence innovative behavior of social entrepreneurs. The paper consists of critique on the understanding and interpretation of social entrepreneurship from the perspective of political economy. Review of past studies reveals limited analysis on the role of political economy in mediating the innovating behavior and functions of social entrepreneurs. In this study while dragging the theoretical perspective in analyzing the practical experience, opinion of some selected social entrepreneurs in Nepal have been collected and analyzed. Findings are based on the analysis of thematic and content analysis of the past studies and the opinion collected from the interviews of social entrepreneurs. The main aim of the paper is to get insight into the role of political economy in influencing innovative behavior of social entrepreneurs. The approaches and methodology applied include review of theories on political economy and its interconnection between the innovation and social entrepreneurship. Method applied to achieve objective covers content and thematic analysis of the interviews of selected Nepali social entrepreneurs. Theories relating to the each of the thematic areas have been reviewed from the literature available in books, journals, newspaper, magazines and different internet sources. It is seen that innovation is independent work of an individual which generally happens to be indifferent with the political, economic and social system but a good system of political economy can influence the innovative behavior and can play a significant role to flourish social entrepreneurship more effectively.

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development Introduction. An economic indicator can give an overall picture of the production, income and exchange of resources. The state practices to report the economic performance of the country is not able to depict the real picture of the overall situation of the society. Economic growth has been globally accepted to compare the status of development, but regardless of the high rate of economic growth, poverty still exists at a significant level. There are conflicting views about what actually shows real economic development. The entire results of the innovative efforts are generally attributed with the achievements of the government of the states. Although the role of the government in making innovative outcomes for the benefit of the public cannot be overlooked, it is not sufficient to merely look into the effort of the government. There are different people or communities playing roles in the development. Social entrepreneurs are self-motivated, skilled and expert people who work to bring changes to make life better for everybody in the society. They are not motivated by profit at the start; but will be rewarded with the entrepreneurial profit if their innovation is successful. Review of economic history reveals interpretation of the economic development is significantly influenced by the philosophy adopted by the state to govern. In this essay, along with the analysis of the relation between social entrepreneurship and development, core values of political theories and its relation with social entrepreneurship have been discussed. To emphasize the role of entrepreneurship in making life better as well as by facilitating the people and communities of underdeveloped geographical locations, a few cases of social entrepreneurship from Nepal are highlighted. Important findings include that social entrepreneurs are spontaneous but the state can play a encouraging role. Importantly, development cannot be found in the weight of economic indicators alone but shall be seen as the total situation of the society. The study of economic development needs knowledge of political philosophy and political economy as well as a focus on organizing societies for the production of wealth, eradication of poverty and the arrangement of society to make it a just social order [9]. The state of economic development has to be seen not simply from the viewpoint of emerging or preceding economic conditions but from the total situation of the society, which is preceding or emerging. It is not possible to explain economic change only with the help of economic condition alone [24]. The method of calculating GDP as developed by John Maynard Keynes was a product of the Second World War. This method was initially developed by Simon Kuznets to estimate the national income of the US in 1932 to analyze fully the Great Depression. Later, in 1940, Keynes refined it by rejecting the government's income as a part of GDP as defined by Kuznet. Keynes defines GDP as private consumption, investment, and government spend...

Important aspects of museology or museum science are Collection Management, Documentation, Conservation Management and Exhibition Management. Fundamental objective of museology is collection, preservation and management of tangible and intangible form of natural, historical, cultural and scientific objects as well as intellectual work and knowledge for education. Collecting, preserving and managing the output of every scientific field is possible by Museum Science. Museum today is not the mere place of collecting and preserving the art work and cultural objects but becoming effective mode of informal education and communication. Basic objective of this paper is to delve into the different aspects of museum science, social entrepreneurship education in Nepal and contribution of Sandal Institute and museum. The methodology adopted is review of literature and cases as well as interviews. In this paper basic aspect of museology, importance of preserving objects with museum values has been discussed along with the context of social entrepreneurship and contribution of Fil. Dr. Jan-U. Sandal Institute in this field and it's context of Nepal as well. Entrepreneurs with their self-motivation and judgmental decision create innovation and are the creator of civilization. Education in the subject of Social Entrepreneurship is crucial to understand the role of entrepreneurship in social transformation. Study on the life and work of entrepreneurs is utmost important to understand the process of innovation. Establishment of Sandal Private Museum is an important initiation in this field and this will not only help the education of school students but education to educated individual in the entire sphere of the societies.

Hydropower is the sole internal source of electricity in Nepal. Since the government policy of private participation in hydropower sector launched, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have gained significant presence under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model of infrastructure development.  Risk management is crucial in PPP projects as mishandling of any risk threatens sustainability and may result in project failure. This study analyses four major risks including Hydropower Sector Specific Risks, Project Finance Specific Risks, Hydropower Project Financing Risks and Country Specific Political and Legal Risks. Self-administrative survey utilizing questionnaire was conducted among the IPPs and domestic Banking and Financial Institutions (BFIs). Relative Importance Indices have been used to determine the importance of each risk item. Exchange rate changes, currency mismatch between local revenue and foreign loan, cost and time overrun, inflation, political turmoil and highly volatile political environment are few of the most critical risks found. For Project Finance proper allocation of risks among the stakeholders is crucial to make the projects bankable. Findings from this study indicate no risk should be neglected and relative importance of risks is critical in allocating risks among stakeholders. This study highlights assessment and the use of RII in the process of allocation and management of risks in infrastructure projects in general and hydropower in particular.

Abstract. The fundamental of democracy is the elected government and the rule of majority. Even in the nation of the developed world the population is heavily trapped with absolute poverty. Reality of democracy in totality is to be seen not only from the view point of majority rule and economic growth but from the opportunity available to all. Reality of democracy shall be reflected in social justice and equality. Every segment of the society plays important role in this direction and Social entrepreneurs can be change makers to target the unjust and unsustainable systems Understanding the role of social entrepreneurship is significant in studying reality of democracy in totality. This paper aims to get insight into the understanding of political philosophy, political economy, and theories of entrepreneurship and delves into the achievement of democratic system in preference of citizen. It is focused on critical understanding of the reality of government in totality from the view point of ordinary people seeking salvation from the life complexities like extreme poverty and role of entrepreneurship in this process. Related theories on politics and government and democracy as well as entrepreneurship from text books, journals, conference papers, newspapers, reports and online videos have been reviewed and the discussions are based on the findings of the review. More importantly it has been found that democracy as we provoke today is significantly not proving a means to reach the expected ends from the view point of ordinary people but the fruits have being snatched away by the groups of few elites and groups in their favour. Despite of the challenges posed to democracy, the alternative of democracy is democracy itself where entrepreneurship contributes in collaboration independent for the state mechanism.