Objectives:The Vascular Anomalies Multidisciplinary Team at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, delivers one-stop integrated care by a comprehensive team of specialists and nurses to paediatric patients with vascular anomalies. This study aimed to review the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of percutaneous sclerotherapy performed at our centre for low-flow vascular malformations in paediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective study of 49 paediatric patients who underwent sclerotherapy from 1 June 2009 to 30 June 2015 was performed. Of the patients, 25 were male and 24 were female, with a mean age of 6.3 years (range, 2 months to 17 years). In all, 29 (59%) patients had venous malformation and 20 (41%) had lymphatic malformation. The location of lesions included 25 (51%) in the head and neck, 11 (22%) in the trunk, and 13 (27%) in the extremities. The outcomes of treatment were reviewed from electronic patient records. Results: A total of 98 sclerotherapy sessions were performed (mean, 2.0 sessions per patient; range, 1-8 sessions) by an interventional radiologist. Some procedures were performed in collaboration with paediatric surgeons, head and neck surgeons or ophthalmologists. The mean follow-up duration was 39.7 months (range, 1-75 months). The most commonly used sclerosants were sodium tetradecyl sulphate alone in 28 (39%) sessions, alcohol (ethanol) and lipiodol mixture in 24 (34%) sessions, and ethanolamine oleate in 10 (14%) sessions. For lymphatic malformations, doxycycline was used as the sclerosant in 27 (100%) sessions. General anaesthesia was administered in 85 (87%) sessions and local anaesthesia in 13 (13%). Among 46 patients, 35 (76%) reported a decrease in swelling and eight (17%) had complete resolution of symptoms. There were no major complications; 10 minor complications, including skin blistering and pneumonia, subsequently resolved. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach in treating low-flow vascular malformations can offer patients an optimal and individualised treatment plan. Percutaneous sclerotherapy is an effective and safe therapy for certain vascular malformation lesions in paediatric patients.

Bone lesions that arise from outside of the medullary canal can be referred to as bone surface lesions. The aetiology of these lesions may be divided into neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Distinguishing the exact origin of the bone surface lesion may be challenging. This article discusses the imaging features of various bone surface lesions, with emphasis on lesion characterisation and clinical features.

Background: Transradial access (TRA) has long been used for coronary and noncoronary angiographic procedures with substantial benefits when compared with transfemoral access, including earlier ambulation, readily achieved haemostasis, and shorter hospital stay. However, the transfemoral technique remains the mainstay of vascular access in interventional radiology. We herein present a single institution's experience with transradial intervention and evaluates its feasibility and safety. Methods: A total of 94 TRA procedures were performed in 69 patients (16 women and 53 men) between April 2017 and May 2020. These included 68 chemoembolisations of liver tumours, 15 procedures for selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90, which included mapping and administration, eight renal angiomyolipoma embolisations, one uterine artery embolisation, one left internal iliac embolisation for abdominal aortic aneurysm, and one pelvic angioembolisation for trauma. Results: Mean age of the patients was 65.9 years. Technical success was achieved in 90 of the 94 cases (95.7%). Four cases (4.3%) required a change to transfemoral access (failed catheterisation of celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery, very small radial artery, and an aortic anatomical variant). Two patients (2.1%) developed small access site haematomas after the procedures. Mortality, stroke and radial artery occlusion rates at 30 days after TRA procedures were 0%. Conclusion: TRA is a safe, feasible and effective technique for abdominal interventional radiology procedures.