Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed when the reflux of the stomach contents causes complications or troublesome symptoms. This disease can present with esophageal or extraesophageal symptoms. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) occurs when gastric contents reflux beyond the oesophagus to laryngopharynx, oropharynx or nasopharynx and it can cause symptoms such as: globus, hoarseness, chronic cough, regurgitations, vomiting or failure to thrive in infants. LPR can influence clinical course of many diseases 
i.a laryngomalacia, subglottic stenosis, chronic hoarseness and/or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. LPR is also believed to be a factor leading to formation of laryngeal granulomas, ulcerations, Reinke’s edema, functional voice disorders, sinusitis, otitis media or even life threatening events in neonates. The main diagnostic methods currently used are laryngoscopy, 24-hours pH-metry and esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance testing. Treatment consist of lifestyle changes and pharmacologic treatment.The use of antireflux medications is not recommended in patients with extraesophageal symptoms in absence of typical GERD symptoms. Surgical treatment can be considered in children with severe LPR symptoms refractory to pharmacological treatment. Controversies regarding diagnosis and treatment of LPR still exists. Further investigations are needed to establish guidelines for the diagnosis and management of LPR.

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is primary, Th2-mediated, chronic rhinosinusitis, which is diagnosed when the criteria defined by Bent and Khun are met. The disease is most common in countries located in the subtropical and tropical regions characterized by high temperatures and high levels of humidity, which favour the wider occurrence of fungi in the environment. The presence of specific IgE antibodies directed against fungal allergens, which is one of the diagnostic criteria, proves the systemic nature of the disease and allows one to distinguish AFRS from eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis. There is no unified treatment method for AFRS described in the literature, and relapses are common. Sinus surgery remains the treatment of choice. Oral and topical steroid therapy plays an important role in the treatment process. The effectiveness of antifungal treatment and immunotherapy is unclear. Biological treatment, the results of which are promising, has raised great hopes. The aim of this study was to reveal how often AFRS occurs in European countries, what environmental factors influence its development, and how important it is to specify its diagnostic criteria and treatment methods. We present an overview of the available literature. In addition, we share our own experience and describe two cases of AFRS diagnosed and treated at our centre.