Geospatial analysis, based on comparative studies of satellite images through geographical information systems, has allowed to highlight territorial changes generated by the interaction between natural morphological processes and anthropogenic activities. The Grijalva-Villahermosa sub-basin is part of one of the largest watersheds in Mexico, the Grijalva-Usumacinta basin. Based on geographical location and geological characteristics Grijalva River is formed by sediments of recent quaternary alluvial Holocene. Geomorphology corresponds to the fluviodeltaic plain with an almost flat slope, so floods are constant. In order to evaluate the effect of water control systems in the dynamics of the fluvial terraces an environmental assessment was developed, taking into account the effect of flood mitigation structures. The fluvial terraces were identified through spectral analysis of 2011 LiDAR images and verified through photo-interpretation and field visits. The environmental assessment was based on Landsat images 1986 and 2016, to which the analysis of change trend with Markov chains was applied. The environmental criterion of the analysis was based on the evaluation of change on the vegetation coverage, wetlands, water bodies, soil and anthropic infrastructure. The most significant results on the dynamics of the fluvial terraces in terms of surface gain occurred in wetlands with 13034 ha and a loss of 6475 ha, in anthropic infrastructure gaining was 3242 ha and losing 3793 ha, as well as a gain of 1145 ha and a loss of 3519 ha in water bodies. The results showed an intensive change trend in wetlands coverage on the analysis period. The current dynamics in the Subbasin shows a regular behavior in the formation of the fluvial terraces, but a negative impact due to anthropic factors.
La periurbanización desmedida de Villahermosa, localizada en la cuenca baja del río Grijalva, ha impactado al sistema natural desde hace 40 años. Para analizar la dinámica espacial de Villahermosa, así como sus efectos y alternativas, se construyeron matrices de probabilidad y escenarios de cambio de uso de suelo mediante el modelador de cambios en el terreno (MCT), las cadenas de Markov y los autómatas celulares. Durante 1984 y 2008, el MCT demostró el incremento de las áreas de uso urbano (4 458 ha) y pastizal (11 239 ha), lo que indujo la disminución de la vegetación arbórea (1 893 ha) y humedales (2 244 ha). Las proyecciones a 2020, 2030 y 2040 efectuadas con Markov y CA-Markov predijeron la continuidad, tanto el aumento del área urbano (6 058, 6 137 y 6 824 ha) y pastizal (10 971, 10 922 y 10 705 ha), como la dismunición de coberturas de vegetación arbórea (756, 722 y 444 ha) y humedales (1 965, 1 997 y 1 888 ha). Estas proyecciones de cambio de uso del suelo en Villahermosa muestran la desaparición de la vegetación arbórea y humedales, que resalta la necesidad de crear las reservas territoriales como lo señala el programa de ordenamiento ecológico.
La periurbanización se ha considerado como motor del cambio de uso del suelo y de la pérdida de ecosistemas y de biodiversidad. A partir de esta premisa, la investigación plantea el seguimiento, desde una doble perspectiva, histórica y predictiva, de los cambios en la superficie de los humedales y en la deforestación progresiva entorno a Villahermosa, la urbe más importante de la cuenca del río Grijalva, en el Estado de Tabasco (México). Se han utilizado diferentes métodos: el análisis bibliográfico para el periodo desde la fundación de la ciudad hasta el último tercio del siglo XX, la verificación de fotografías aéreas entre 1984 y 2008 y la modelización de escenarios futuros, entre 2020 y 2040. Desde el periodo colonial hasta mediados del siglo veinte, las inundaciones y la insalubridad dificultaron el crecimiento de la ciudad pese a la transformación de la red hídrica superficial en la cuenca, iniciada mediante la construcción de diques en el siglo XVII. Posteriormente, las elevadas tasas de pérdida de humedales y deforestación (-0.50 y -4.63 %) se incrementaron por la urbanización y el impacto de los programas de producción agropecuaria y petrolización. En los últimos 40 años, el desarrollo periurbano ocasionó la pérdida de 4.008 ha de vegetación arbórea y 289 ha de humedales, con una tendencia a desaparecer 1.449 y 356 ha adicionales respectivamente en el futuro 2040. Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de rediseñar un programa metropolitano, transdisciplinario y sustentable que respete y actualice las reservas territoriales para regular la periurbanización.
Objective: To study the conservation status of the tropical rainforest in the “Cañón del Usumacinta” Flora and Fauna Protection Area in Mexico, through an analysis of the change in land use and vegetation (1997, 2009 and 2016). Design/Methodology/Approach: Vegetation and land use shapefiles at 1:250,000 scale (national continuum) corresponding to 1997 (series I), 2009 (series IV), and 2016 (series VI) were downloaded. Finally, a spatial analysis was generated with calculation of exchange rates, using the Land Change Modeler between 1997-2009 and 2009-2016. Results: During 1997-2009, the tropical rainforest occupied 31.2% and the greatest impact of the period seen was a change rate of 7.4%. Subsequently, between 2009 and 2016 there was a great decrease in the land use change rate in the forest (0.8%), due to its decree as a federal Protected Area in 2008, as well as natural regeneration and the promotion of ecological restoration programs. Study Limitations/Implications: Absence of geographic variables to analyze factors driving change in land use. Conclusions: It is essential to promote the sustainable management of the Usumacinta Canyon based on what is established in the land use planning program and the management plan, and to redouble efforts to implement actions for restoring ecosystem services and the continuous monitoring of change in land use.
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