Streszczenie: Cel-Głównym celem artykułu jest porównanie płatności dla kredytu złotowo-walutowego waloryzowanego (denominowanego, indeksowanego) kursem CHF wobec odpowiedniego kredytu złotowego (zdyskontowany cash-flow). Metodologia badania-Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie kredytu udzielonego w marcu 2005 roku. Zastosowano metodę analizy porównawczej, opisowej i symulacyjnej. Wynik-Porównanie kredytu frankowego i złotowego w długim horyzoncie czasowym powinno uwzględniać zmianę wartości pieniądza w czasie, ze względu na różny w obu przypadkach rozkład kosztów/korzyści w czasie. W analizowanym przypadku kredyt frankowy ze względu na niższe oprocentowanie w stosunku do oprocentowania kredytu złotowego wygenerował w początkowym okresie umowy (2005-2015) potencjalne oszczędności, które mogą stanowić bufor bezpieczeństwa na wypadek dalszego wzrostu kursu franka. Zdyskontowana wartość tych oszczędności jest tym większa, im wcześniej zostały one wygenerowane. Oryginalność/wartość-Zgodnie z wiedzą autora dotychczas publikowane analizy porównawcze kredytu frankowego i kredytu złotowego w Polsce, a także projekty pomocy frankowiczom nie brały pod uwagę ważnego aspektu, jakim jest zmiana wartości pieniądza w czasie. Uwzględnienie zmiany wartości pieniądza w czasie może mieć istotny wpływ na ewentualny wybór sprawiedliwej formuły pomocy frankowiczom, tzn. takiej, która nie będzie dyskryminować złotówkowiczów względem frankowiczów, a także nie będzie faworyzować określonych grup w ramach frankowiczów.
Streszczenie: Ryzyko płynności i wypłacalności są ze sobą powiązane, ale często rozpatrywane oddzielnie w makroostrożnościowych testach warunków skrajnych. Ignorowanie interakcji między ryzykiem płynności i wypłacalności prowadzi do niedoszacowania ryzyka banku i systemu finansowego. Rodzi to poważne konsekwencje ekonomiczne i finansowe w przypadku znaczącego pogorszenia się warunków zewnętrznych. Wnioski z przeprowadzonego badania rozszerzają obecny stan wiedzy na temat interakcji pomiędzy ryzykiem płynności i wypłacalności. Wskazują one, że banki, wzmacniając pozycję kapitałową, mogą ograniczyć koszty finansowania pożyczkowego. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kontekście rosnących wymogów kapitałowych, jak również konieczności spełnienia wymogu MREL. Brak uwzględnienia efektu spadku kosztu kapitału obcego na skutek redukcji dźwigni finansowej może prowadzić do przeszacowania kosztu reform w sektorze bankowym.
The impact of tourism on GDP results, inter alia, from the creation of various jobs in the widely understood tourism sector, as well as from travels made both by citizens within their country and by foreigners. Such travels entail expenditure on various goods and services. The coronavirus pandemic that broke out in 2020 caused significant losses in the economic area in all European Union (EU) countries. The restrictions implemented in connection with the pandemic affected the tourism sector the most. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the competitive position of EU27 countries from the tourism sector perspective. The study is based on the analysis of the competitive position of the tourism sector in EU member countries in the pre-COVID era, which is why the research period was 2011-2019. The tool for achieving this objective was a multivariate comparative analysis. The position can be assessed on the basis of various sub-measures, but this does not give a complete picture, only a fragmented one. Our goal was to show the picture holistically - proposing the SMD methodology. The conclusions of the study show that there is differentiation that persists over the long research period. The positions of individual countries are maintained. The same countries occupy both top and bottom positions. COVID-19 is a new factor, not included in the analysis, which may affect the results of such analyses in the future, both in short- and long-term perspective. In this context, our results can provide a starting point and a benchmark for assessing these developments in the coming years.
The importance of studying civilization diseases manifests itself in the impact of changing lifestyles, on the number of deaths and causes of death. Technology transfer plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Through this, it is possible to transfer new treatments and diagnostics to clinics and hospitals more quickly and effectively, which leads to better healthcare for patients. Technology transfer can also aid in the development of new drugs and therapies that can be effective in the treatment of civilization diseases. The paper aims to evaluate the technology transfer process in the field of civilization diseases, using COVID-19 as an example of a pandemic that requires quick development and transfer of technology. To achieve the assumed goal, we propose a multivariate synthetic ratio in the field of civilization diseases (SMTT—Synthetic Measure of Technology Transfer) to analyze data from the Global Data database. We used sub-measures like SMTT_value (Synthetic Measure of Technology Transfer_value) and SMTT_quantity (Synthetic Measure of Technology Transfer_quantity) to measure technology transfer and put the data into a graph. Our analysis focuses on 14 diseases over a period of 10 years (2012–2021) and includes nine forms of technology transfer, allowing us to create a tool for analysing the process in multiple dimensions. Our results show that COVID-19 is similar in terms of technology transfer to diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and breast cancer, even though data for COVID-19 is available for only 2 years.
In recent decades, an increased effort to increase private retirement savings can be observed, especially in countries where public pensions have been the main source of livelihood during retirement. To increase participation in occupational as well as individual pension plans, states often use financial incentives (personal income tax reductions, preferential tax rates, subsidies). However, experience from studies in various countries shows that these incentives may not be efficient and/or attract mainly high earners. Mobilizing Poles to save for retirement in light of the paradigm shift in pension security in Poland caused by the 1999 reform has proven to be a major challenge. Given the mediocre development of the private pension plan market, a new type of workplace pension plans based on automatic enrollment called Employee Capital Plans (ECP) began to be implemented in 2019. However, despite the plan’s favorable funding mechanism, especially from the perspective of low- and middle-income earners, participation remains low. In the article, we argue that a change in the manner in which program participants are being reported their earned rates of return could increase interest in ECP participation. Following the investment performance of 60 FZDs, operating within the framework of ECP in Poland, we show that the total returns presented by the managers of FZDs and Polish FSA are lower than the returns measured from the perspective of participant contributions using the IRR method. Significantly higher results are also achieved by those with low earnings, who can make reduced contributions to ECP. Thus, we recommend the introduction of a standard for the presentation of ECP investment results from the participant’s point of view, taking into account the ECP financing mechanism.
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