No abstract

28Ecosystem services (ES) have been well studied in most biomes, but the Arctic tundra 29 has received little attention, despite covering over 10% of terrestrial Earth. Using established ES 30 methodologies, we calculated values for the United States Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a 31 region virtually undisturbed by humans, but slated for future oil and gas drilling. We estimated 32 the Refuge is worth about 1,709 USD/hectare/year, equal to over 13 billion USD annually. 33Globally important services, such as climate regulation (e.g., carbon storage) and non-use 34 services (e.g., aesthetic information), contributed the most value and were similar to valuations 35 from more productive ecosystems. Local services made smaller contributions to the total, but 36 they remain vitally important to local indigenous cultures. Strikingly, a contingent valuation 37 survey of U.S. residents found that, after neutral educational information, willingness-to-pay to 38 maintain the Refuge in its current state exceeded estimated values of the oil and gas deposits. 39Our study shows that citizens may value Arctic habitats beyond their traditional economic 40 development potential. Our comprehensive ecosystem services valuation suggests that 41 maintaining the Refuge in its current condition (i.e., de facto wilderness) with its full range of ES 42 is more valuable to humanity compared to development for oil and gas. 43 44

No abstract

Ecosystem services (ES) have been well studied in most biomes, but the Arctic tundra has received little attention, despite covering over 10% of terrestrial Earth. Using established ES methodologies, we calculated values for the United States Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a region virtually undisturbed by humans, but slated for future oil and gas drilling. We estimated the Refuge is worth about 1,709 USD/hectare/year, equal to over 13 billion USD annually.Globally important services, such as climate regulation (e.g., carbon storage) and non-use services (e.g., aesthetic information), contributed the most value and were similar to valuations from more productive ecosystems. Local services made smaller contributions to the total, but they remain vitally important to local indigenous cultures. Strikingly, a contingent valuation survey of U.S. residents found that, after neutral educational information, willingness-to-pay to maintain the Refuge in its current state exceeded estimated values of the oil and gas deposits.Our study shows that citizens may value Arctic habitats beyond their traditional economic development potential. Our comprehensive ecosystem services valuation suggests that maintaining the Refuge in its current condition (i.e., de facto wilderness) with its full range of ES is more valuable to humanity compared to development for oil and gas.