The purpose of this article is to review conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques performed in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary goal for the treatment of patients with suspected TBI is to prevent secondary injury. In the setting of a moderate to severe TBI, the most appropriate initial neuroimaging examination is a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT), which can reveal life-threatening injuries and direct emergent neurosurgical intervention. We will focus much of the article on advanced neuroimaging techniques including perfusion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging and discuss their potentials and challenges. We believe that advanced neuroimaging techniques may improve the accuracy of diagnosis of TBI and improve management of TBI.

Cardiac masses present a diagnostic challenge given their relative rarity and the overall difficulty imaging the heart. With the increasing frequency and quality of imaging in general, however, the incidental discovery of cardiac masses is increasing. Cardiac masses seldom produce symptoms, and they are more commonly found during imaging for noncardiac indications. While echocardiography is useful in the initial evaluation of a suspected mass, cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the best imaging modality to characterize cardiac tumors due to its superior tissue characterization and its higher contrast resolution. Due to the risk of embolization and arrhythmia, most benign cardiac tumors are removed, and imaging plays an important role in treatment planning. While primary resection remains the mainstay of treatment, new treatment strategies may prolong survival and slow the growth of metastases. A fundamental knowledge of common cardiac masses is vital to all radiologists, and here, we discuss the most pertinent imaging approach to cardiac masses emphasizing MR imaging.

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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a commonly used substrate in vertebroplasty procedures. Well-known for its dependable strength and relative lack of toxic side effects, PMMA administration is useful for the stabilization of vertebral bodies in the setting of common spinal pathologies such as osteoporosis. Unfortunately, as the popularity of vertebroplasty has increased, so has the incidence of a potentially lethal complication of the procedure, PMMA pulmonary embolism. Extravasation of PMMA from the vertebral body into the adjacent vasculature can provide a route through which PMMA may travel until it becomes lodged in the pulmonary vasculature, thereby forming a PMMA pulmonary embolism. While the vast majority of PMMA embolism cases are relatively mild, others are severe and demand swift recognition and potentially life-saving intervention. Despite the increasing incidence of PMMA embolism, a clear algorithm for management does not yet exist. Controversy abounds regarding the most effective strategies to diagnose and manage patients with PMMA embolism. Described is a case of delayed diagnosis of a PMMA embolism in a patient who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty for an osteoporotic vertebral body fracture. Multiple visits to the emergency department (ED) for chest discomfort or cough after the vertebroplasty eventually led to cross-sectional imaging that revealed the diagnosis. Her acute symptoms resolved with conservative management. Given that her final outcome was positive with no long-term morbidity, the aim of this report is to explore the current treatment algorithms for PMMA embolism and to consider whether or not this patient would have been managed differently had the correct diagnosis been uncovered earlier.