Background-Little is known about the timing of changes in glucose metabolism prior to type 2 diabetes development. We aimed to characterize trajectories of fasting and postload glucose, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in individuals developing type 2 diabetes.

Background Inflammatory processes are putative mechanisms underlying the cardio-protective effects of physical activity. An inverse association between physical activity and inflammation has been demonstrated but no long-term prospective data are available. We therefore examined the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers over a 10-year follow-up period. Methods and Results Participants were 4289 men and women (mean age 49.2 years) from the Whitehall II cohort study. Self-reported physical activity and inflammatory markers (serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) were measured at baseline (1991) and follow-up (2002). Forty-nine percent of the participants adhered to standard physical activity recommendations for cardiovascular health (2.5 hours per week moderate to vigorous physical activity) across all assessments. Physically active participants at baseline had lower CRP and IL6 levels and this difference remained stable over time. In comparison to participants that rarely adhered to physical activity guidelines over the 10 years follow-up, the high adherence group displayed lower logeCRP (β=−0.07, 95% CI, −0.12, −0.02) and logeIL-6 (β=−0.07, 95% CI, −0.10, −0.03) at follow up after adjustment for a range of covariates. Compared to participants that remained stable, those that reported an increase in physical activity of at least 2.5 hours/wk displayed lower loge CRP (B coefficient =−0.05, 95% CI, −0.10, −0.001) and loge IL-6 (B coefficient =−0.06, 95% CI, −0.09, −0.03) at follow up. Conclusions Regular physical activity is associated with lower markers of inflammation over 10 years of follow-up and thus may be important in preventing the pro-inflammatory state seen with ageing.

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