OBJECTIVE -Peripheral neuropathy is common among people with diabetes and can result in foot ulceration and amputation. The aim of this study was to quantify the annual medical costs of peripheral neuropathy and its complications among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-A cost-of-illness model was used to estimate the numbers of diabetic individuals in the U.S. who have diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and/or neuropathic foot ulcers (both those with no deep infection and those accompanied by cellulitis or osteomyelitis) at a given point in time, and/or a toe, foot, or leg amputation during a year. Prevalence and incidence rates were estimated from published studies and applied to the general U.S. population. All costs were estimated in 2001 U.S. dollars. In a sensitivity analysis, we varied the rates of complications to assess the robustness of the cost estimates.RESULTS -The annual costs of DPN and its complications in the U.S. were $0.8 billion (type 1 diabetes), $10.1 billion (type 2 diabetes), and $10.9 billion (total). After allowing for uncertainty in the point estimates of complication rates, the range of costs were between $0.3 and $1.0 billion (type 1 diabetes), $4.3b and $12.7 billion (type 2 diabetes), and $4.6 and $13.7 billion (type 1 and type 2 diabetes).CONCLUSIONS -The total annual cost of DPN and its complications in the U.S. was estimated to be between $4.6 and $13.7 billion. Up to 27% of the direct medical cost of diabetes may be attributed to DPN. Diabetes Care 26:1790 -1795, 2003D iabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a particularly debilitating complication of diabetes and accounts for significant morbidity by predisposing the foot to ulceration and lower extremity amputation. It is estimated that between 12 and 50% of people with diabetes have some degree of DPN (1), which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Symptoms may be disabling and are manifested as "positive" symptoms, including numbness, prickling, pain (e.g., burning, lancinating, aching), or allodynia. A predominant feature of DPN is sensory loss, which may lead to foot ulceration due to even minor trauma.Approximately 15% of people with diabetes develop at least one foot ulcer during their lifetime (2-8), and while vascular disease leading to ischemia is certainly a factor in the pathogenesis, 60 -70% of diabetic foot ulcers are primarily neuropathic in origin (3). Deep foot ulcers may be accompanied by cellulitis or osteomyelitis, and a severely infected or nonhealing foot ulcer may lead to an amputation of the toe, foot, or leg.In the U.S., the annual total direct medical and treatment cost of diabetes was estimated to be $44 billion in 1997, representing 5.8% of total personal health care expenditure in the U.S. during that year (9). The management of DPN and its complications is likely to form a large proportion of this total expenditure, because treatment is often resource intensive and long term.The aim of this cost of illness study was to quantify the annual health care cos...

This study aims to provide a rigorous estimate of the worldwide costs of visual impairment (VI), and the associated health burden. The study used a prevalence-based model. Prevalence rates for mild VI (visual acuity (VA) worse than 6/12 but not worse than 6/18), moderate VI (VA worse than 6/18 but not worse than 6/60) and blindness (VA worse than 6/60) were applied to population forecasts for each World Health Organisation (WHO) subregion. The limited available country cost data were extrapolated between subregions using economic and population health indicators. Age and gender subgroup population numbers were derived from United Nations' data. Costs and the health burden of VI were estimated for each world subregion using published disease prevalence rates, health care expenditures and other economic data. The study includes direct health care costs, indirect costs and the health burden of VI. The total cost of VI globally was estimated at $3 trillion in 2010, of which $2.3 trillion was direct health costs. This burden is projected to increase by approximately 20% by 2020. VI is associated with a considerable disease burden. Unless steps are taken to reduce prevalence through prevention and treatment, this burden will increase alongside global population growth.

Overall, our search showed costs are well documented in Australia, Canada, France and Germany, but revealed a paucity of data for Spain and Italy. Spanish costs, collected by contacting local experts and from government reports, generally appeared to be lower for treating cardiovascular complications than in other countries. Italian costs reported in the literature were primarily hospitalization costs derived from diagnosis-related groups, and therefore likely to misrepresent the cost of specific complications. Additional research is required to document complication costs in Spain and Italy. Australian and German values were collected primarily by referring to diagnostic related group (DRG) tariffs and, as a result, there may be a need for future economic evaluations measuring the accuracy of the costs and resource utilization in the reported values. These cost data are essential to create models of diabetes that are able to accurately simulate the cumulative costs associated with the progression of the disease and its complications.

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