The Commission on Spatial Data Standards of the International Cartographic Association is working to define formal models and technical characteristics of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). To date, this work has been restricted to the Enterprise and Information Viewpoints from the ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing standard. The Commission has developed models for these two viewpoints. These models describe how the different parts of an SDI fit together in the viewpoints in question. These models should be seen as a contribution towards the overall model of the SDI and its technical characteristics. During the model development process, the roles of the different Actors in an SDI in the Enterprise and Information Viewpoints have also been identified in Use Case diagrams of an SDI. All the models have been developed using the Unified Modeling Language.
An intelligent geoportal orchestrates (automatically coordinate) web services to prepare, discover and present information to the user. Implementations of web service standards by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, such as, the Web Map Service (WMS), Web Feature Service (WFS) and Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) enable the display of spatial data in a geoportal. Ultimately, our goal is to intelligently orchestrate web services to produce thematic maps. As a first step towards our ultimate goal, in this article, we present the results of experiments with the orchestration of OGC web services to produce thematic maps. Our goal here was to evaluate whether orchestrating OGC web services can produce thematic maps. The results prove that this is possible, but show that there is customised functionality that has to be wrapped into WPSs. This poses a challenge to on the fly intelligent orchestration, which is required in an intelligent geoportal.
Standardization of methods for data exchange in GIS has a long history predating the creation of World Wide Web. The advent of World Wide Web brought the emergence of new solutions for data exchange and sharing including; more recently, standards proposed by the W3C for data exchange involving Semantic Web technologies and linked data. Despite the growing interest in integration, GIS and linked data are still two separate paradigms for describing and publishing spatial data on the Web. At the same time, both paradigms offer complementary ways of representing real world phenomena and means of analysis using different processing functions. The complementarity of linked data and GIS can be leveraged to synergize both paradigms resulting in richer data content and more powerful inferencing. The article presents an approach aimed at integrating linked data with GIS. The approach relies on the use of GIS tools for integration, verification and enrichment of linked data. The GIS tools are employed to enrich linked data by furnishing access to collection of data resources, defining relationship between data resources, and subsequently facilitating GIS data integration with linked data. The proposed approach is demonstrated with examples using data from DBpedia, OSM, and tools developed by the authors for standard GIS software.
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