Upon arriving at their targets, developing axons cease pathfinding and begin instead to arborize and form synapses. To test whether CNS arborization and synaptogenesis are controlled by Slit-Robo signaling, we followed single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) arbors over time. ast (robo2) mutant and slit1a morphant arbors had more branch tips and greater arbor area and complexity compared to wild-type and concomitantly more presumptive presynaptic sites labeled with YFP-Rab3. Increased arborization in ast was phenocopied by dominant-negative Robo2 expressed in single RGCs and rescued by full-length Robo2, indicating that Robo2 acts cell-autonomously. Time-lapse imaging revealed that ast and slit1a morphant arbors stabilized earlier than wild-type, suggesting a role for Slit-Robo signaling in preventing arbor maturation. Genetic analysis showed that Slit1a acts both through Robo2 and Robo2-independent mechanisms. Unlike previous PNS studies showing that Slits promote branching, our results show that Slits inhibit arborization and synaptogenesis in the CNS.

The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, having both germ line micronuclei and somatic macronuclei, must possess a specialized nucleocytoplasmic transport system to import proteins into the correct nucleus. To understand how Tetrahymena can target proteins to distinct nuclei, we first characterized FG repeat-containing nucleoporins and found that micro-and macronuclei utilize unique subsets of these proteins. This finding implicates these proteins in the differential permeability of the two nuclei and implies that nuclear pores with discrete specificities are assembled within a single cell. To identify the import machineries that interact with these different pores, we characterized the large families of karyopherin homologs encoded within the genome. Localization studies of 13 putative importin (imp) ␣-and 11 imp ␤-like proteins revealed that imp ␣-like proteins are nucleus specific-nine localized to the germ line micronucleus-but that most imp ␤-like proteins localized to both types of nuclei. These data suggest that micronucleus-specific proteins are transported by specific imp ␣ adapters. The different imp ␣ proteins exhibit substantial sequence divergence and do not appear to be simply redundant in function. Disruption of the IMA10 gene encoding an imp ␣-like protein that accumulates in dividing micronuclei results in nuclear division defects and lethality. Thus, nucleus-specific protein import and nuclear function in Tetrahymena are regulated by diverse, specialized karyopherins.The regulated transport of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus controls many cellular processes. The import of proteins containing nuclear localization signals (NLSs) is facilitated by karyopherin proteins, also known as importins. Karyopherins shuttle their NLS-containing cargo through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), protein channels that permeate the nuclear membrane. Two classes of karyopherins, imp ␣ and ␤ proteins, collaborate to orchestrate specific nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (reviewed in reference 13). To transport proteins containing a classical NLS (cNLS), imp ␣ binds to the cargo's cNLS and associates with imp ␤ in a ternary complex that docks at an NPC (reviewed in reference 23). The karyopherin-cargo complex is directed through the NPC, primarily through interactions of imp ␤ with NPC proteins (6, 7, 26). Nuclear proteins may, alternatively, contain nonclassical NLSs that mediate direct association with imp ␤ proteins without the imp ␣ adapter.Eukaryotic cells typically encode multiple karyopherins. In yeast and humans, which contain at least 14 and 20 karyopherins, respectively, most are members of the imp ␤ family. Yeast encodes just one imp ␣, whereas humans possess three distinct classes (reviewed in reference 23). The imp ␣ proteins have a characteristic structure consisting of an amino (N)-terminal imp ␤-binding (IBB) domain of ϳ100 amino acids (aa) that is followed by 8 to 10 alpha-helical armadillo (ARM) repeats that span most of the remainder of the protein. The ARM repeats are responsible for recognition ...