Background: Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients limiting yield of bread wheat in Ethiopian highlands. Application of a large amount of N fertilizer has been a method of increasing yield in the study area which is costly and can cause environmental pollution. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2014 and 2015) to evaluate the effect of N application rates on grain yield, nitrogen uptake and N use efficiency of bread wheat varieties. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four rates of nitrogen (0, 120, 240 and 360 kg ha −1) and three popular wheat varieties (Menze, Tsehay and ET-13) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results: The two-way interaction of year and N rate, N rate and variety significantly affected grain nitrogen concentration. The interaction of year and variety and N rate and variety affected grain and straw nitrogen concentrations, respectively. The three-way interaction of year, N fertilizer rate and variety significantly affected (P < 0.01) grain yield, grain and total nitrogen uptake, agronomic efficiency, agro-physiological efficiency and apparent recovery efficiency. The highest grain yield (5718.32 kg ha −1) was obtained from variety Menze at N rate of 360 kg ha −1 in 2015 which was statistically at par with the application of 240 kg N ha −1 and with variety Tsehay at N rate of 240 and 360 kg N ha −1 during the same growing season. The highest grain and straw (2.7 and 0.35%, respectively) nitrogen concentration were produced by variety Tsehay at N rate of 360 kg ha −1. The highest apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency was recorded for variety Tsehay at N rate of 120 kg ha −1 in both growing seasons. Conclusion: Hence, it could be concluded that varieties Menze and Tsehay produced the highest grain yield followed by variety ET-13. All wheat varieties tested did not show a significant variation in most of the nitrogen use efficiency parameters, and these efficiency parameters decreased with the increasing rate of N beyond 120 kg ha −1 in both growing seasons.

Background: Bread wheat is an important staple and cash crop grown by smallholder farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia. However, the productivity of the crop is constrained by low soil fertility and poor nitrogen fertilizer management in the area. For example, there is limited information on optimum rates and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application in the area. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2014 and 2015) under rain-fed condition to determine the effect of N fertilizer rate and timing of application on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of bread wheat. Factorial combinations of three N levels and five application times plus one control were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results: The optimum grain yield (6060.04 kg ha −1) was recorded when 240 kg N ha −1 was applied ¼ at sowing, ½ at tillering and ¼ at booting, and it showed no significant additional response to N fertilizer above this rate. Higher N level (360 kg N ha −1) always increased N content in the grain and nitrogen uptake by wheat crop. The best recovery of nitrogen (59.74%) by wheat was found when 120 kg of nitrogen was applied (¼ at sowing, ½ at tillering and ¼ at booting). The nitrogen use efficiency traits decreased with increased N rate (120-360 kg N ha −1) indicating poor N utilization. The split application of nitrogen (¼ at sowing, ½ at tillering and ¼ at booting) produced the highest nitrogen use efficiency traits. Conclusion: The application of 240 kg N ha −1 in three split doses (T 5) was required to obtain optimum wheat yield. In addition, increasing the rate of nitrogen beyond 120 kg N ha −1 decreased nitrogen use efficiency traits.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important cool season food legumes in the semi-arid northeastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is adversely affected by a number of abiotic and biotic factors. The objectives of this study were to assess impacts of projected climate change on grain yield of chickpea by 2030 s (2020-2049) and 2050 s (2040-2069) and to identify crop management options that increase productivity of the crop. The CROPGRO-chickpea model in DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) was used to assess impacts of projected climate change on chickpea and to identify adaptation options. The crop model was first calibrated and evaluated in the study area for simulating growth, yield and water balance of the soil. The result of the model calibration and evaluation showed that there were close agreement between the simulated and observed values that showed the performance of the model to simulate growth, phenology and yield of chickpea under semi-arid northeastern Ethiopian condition. The calibrated model was used to assess impacts of projected climate changes on chickpea and identify crop management options. The impact of projected climate change was assessed for 2030 s and 2050 s time periods under all the RCPs with and without CO 2 fertilization. To identify crop management options, different varieties of chickpea, supplemental irrigation and change in planting dates have been evaluated. The result of climate change impact analysis on chickpea showed that grain yield is predicted to significantly increase both by 2030 s and 2050 s under CO 2 fertilization condition across all the RCPs as compared to baseline grain yield (1961-1990). However, simulation without CO 2 showed that grain yield will not significantly increase by 2030 s and 2050 s across all the scenarios. Based on the prediction result it can be generalized that chickpea will be benefited from the projected climate changes in northeastern Ethiopia. According to the simulation result application of two supplemental irrigation (flower initiation and pod setting stages) and early sowing significantly (P < 0.05) increase grain yield of chickpea in northeastern Ethiopia under the present and future climate conditions. Selection of appropriate cultivars based on the agroecology of the area has paramount important to increase chickpea productivity under the present and future climate condition.

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