Purpose. Attention of macroeconomists and financial experts has focused on the determinants of bank credit, with more attention on the demand side analysis. However, few existing study on the supply side determinants of bank credit are reported with inconsistent results, though they emphasized the role of economic growth. By employing Autoregressive Distribution Lag estimation technique, this study specifically focuses on the short-run dynamic and long-run effects of bank credit supply determinants in Nigeria using the data that span 1970-2015. We found that exchange rate, money supply, net foreign liabilities and real GDP all have a positive long-run impact on bank credit to private sector in Nigeria, whereas the effect of the general price level is negative. In the short run, the effect of money supply, net foreign liabilities and reserve requirement on bank credit to the private sector is positive with only inflation exerting a negative influence. In conclusion, policymakers are required to implement policies that stabilize the financial system and boost per capita income in order to promote a sustained and stable growth of bank credit to private sector in Nigeria. Bankers also should, however, monitor the rate at which they create credit which has implication for the overall money supply.The study was set out to estimate both the short and long-run relationship as well as dynamic effect of supply side factors on bank credit to private sector in Nigeria between 1970 and 2015. Methodology. The study employed Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration test as suggested by Pesaran, Shin and Smith, (2001). Findings. It was evidenced that exchange rate, money supply, net foreign liabilities and real GDP all have a positive long-run impact on bank credit to private sector in Nigeria, whereas the effect of the general price level is negative. In the short run, the effect of money supply, net foreign liabilities and reserve requirement on bank credit to the private sector is positive with only inflation exerting a negative influence. Limitations. This study is limited only by its focus on the supply size analysis. A new line of study is suggested that can possibly investigate both the demand and supply size analysis together in one paper.

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This study aim is to investigate the properties of selected fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithms. Fiftyfive versions of fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK_1, RK_2, RK_3 …, RK_55) methods; inclusive of the classical fourth order RK version, were selected. Thereafter, these versions were used to simulate, with a constant and adaptive step-size algorithm, the dynamics of the harmonically excited Duffing Oscillator over a range of parameters and initial conditions. The simulation was carried out with a FORTRAN program developed and validated by comparing the program generated Poincaré section with literature standard. The number of successive steps taken between start and end of simulation periods was recorded for each simulation run. A total of 91809 simulations were run. The number of successive steps taken between start and end of simulation periods show that significant variations exists among different versions of the same Runge-Kutta order used for seeking solution of Duffing oscillator dynamics. Ranking results by the number of successive steps showed that RK_55 is not the fastest version available, despite its popularity, as other versions including RK_17, RK_2, RK_14, RK_20, and RK_8 outperformed it. Furthermore, the version performance was observed to be highly dependent on the excitation frequency, but not on initial conditions.