Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.

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As the popularity of Twitter continues to increase rapidly, it is extremely necessary to analyze the huge amount of data that Twitter users generate. A popular method of tweet analysis is clustering. Because most tweets are textual, this study focuses on clustering tweets based on their textual content similarity. This study presents tweet clustering using cellular genetic algorithm cGA. The results obtained by cGA are compared with those obtained by generational genetic algorithm in terms of average fitness, average time required for execution and number of generations. Experimental results are tested with two sets: One of 1000 tweets and the second formed of 5000 tweets. The results show a nearly equal performance for both algorithms in terms of the average fitness of the solution. On the other hand, cGA shows a much faster performance than generational. These results demonstrate that cellular genetic algorithm outperforms generational genetic algorithm in tweet clustering.

Problem statement: The calculation of magnetospheric particle flux by dividing the particle count rate by the instrument geometric factor does not take into account the anisotropic pitch angle distribution function. A comparison of particle fluxes measured by different instruments fail to lead to the right comparison. To circumvent the omission of anisotropy of the pitch angle distribution and to make the correct comparison of particle fluxes, the instrument response function to different pitch angles within the sampling range of the instrument has been incorporated into the count rates over a certain readout time. Conclusion/Recommendations: A quantity in absolute comparison of magnetospheric particle flux has been found. The newly defined quantity of different observations does lead to the correct comparison for studying temporal variations. Investigators interested to study temporal features of magnetospheric particles over epochs may find the response functions for different instruments flown at different epochs useful for their study.

Nowadays, meta-heuristic algorithms have earned special position in optimization problems, particularly nonlinear programming. In this study, a new meta-heuristic algorithm called "Improvement of position (IMPRO Algorithm)" is recommended to solve the optimization problems. This algorithm, similar to other heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms starts with production of random numbers. However, the aforementioned algorithm is inspired by humans' behavior to enhance the position which coincidentally