The aim of the study was to review the literature of tympanoscierosis especially its pathogenesis, to study the general incidence of tympanoscierosis among patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), its association with cholesteatoma and also the type of hearing loss as well as its relation to the degree and site of tympanosclerosis.Seven hundred and seventy-five patients with CSOM were studied retrospectively. A full history was taken and thorough ENT examinations were carried out. Pure tone audiograms (PTA) of all patients were done and analysed. The operative finding of tympanosclerosis as well as middle-ear status were inspected.The incidence of tympanosclerosis was found to be 11.6 per cent (90 patients out of 775 CSOM cases). Most tympanosclerosis cases had dry ear, (85.6 per cent). Of the 57.8 per cent who had myringosclerosis, their PTA showed an AB gap 20–40 dB. When sclerosis affect both the tympanic membrane and middle ear, 61 per cent of patients had an AB gap >40 dB. The association of cholesteatoma and tympanosclerosis may be regarded as uncommon, 2.2 per cent.The exact aetiology and pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis is as yet not well known. Our study concentrated on the clinical picture of tympanosclerosis among patients with CSOM. The majority of hearing loss associated with tympanosclerosis was of the conductive type.

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Background: Data on the epidemiology of telogen effluvium (TE) are limited, and its true incidence is largely unknown. Our aim is to calculate the prevalence of TE and evaluate its comorbidities and its relation to iron-deficiency anemia.Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 279 medical records of the patients with TE seen at Hera Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, between 2011 and 2013.Results: Of 279 female patients (mean age: 29.82 years), 58.5% of the patients were between the age of 21 and 40. Hypothyroidism was reported in 21.1% of the patients, dermatitis in 11.8%, diabetes mellitus in 5.7%, and bronchial asthma in 3.6%. Low hemoglobin was observed in 94.9% of the patients, low MCH in 99.6%, and low hematocrit in 90.21%. Serum ferritin was at 630 ng/mL in 64% of the patients and 670 ng/mL in 89.1%. The systemic treatment included the following: iron supplementation in 58.8%, folic acid in 51.3%, and zinc in 25.1%. Topical treatments included steroid in 63.1%, minoxidil in 34.8%, hair tonic in 68.8%, and antidandruff in 19.4%.Conclusions: All patients were females, with most of their ages of onset between 21 and 40. It was commonly associated with irondeficiency anemia and hypothyroidism. Ó 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

<p class="abstract">Paranasal mucocele is a benign cystic lesion. Mostly in the fronto-ethmoidal sinuses. Mucocele of the nasal septum is extremely rare. We report a septum mucocele in a 20-year-old male presenting with bilateral nasal obstruction occurred after inferior turbunectomy. Clinical and radiological features are presented and discussed.</p>

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are among the most common operations performed woldwide. Improvements in anesthesia and surgical techniques over the years have made these operations relatively safe, yet the potential exists for serious complications and even death if the surgeon fails to recognize arterial abnormalities and variations such as the aberrant course of the internal carotid artery. We present a case of an aberrant course of the internal carotid artery which was discovered during adenotonsillectomy in a seven-year-old boy. The significance of the condition and its recognition are discussed. Otolaryngologists should be cognisant of such abnormalities and the serious complications they may cause. Case ReportA seven-year-old boy with a history of recurrent adenotonsillitis was admitted for adenotonsillectomy under general anesthesia. There was no history of systemic disease, previous surgery or bleeding tendency. Clinical examination was unremarkable except the tonsils which were enlarged. Pre-operative investigations including coagulation profile were within normal limits.The operation was performed under general anesthesia with endotracheal tube. The adenoid was removed by currette, but excessive bleeding was encountered after the operation. Temporary application of nasopharyngeal pack for about 10 minutes was necessary to control the bleeding. During re-examination of the post-nasal space, a pulsating mass was seen extending from the upper pole of the left tonsil to the base of the skull. Tonsillectomy was not performed and the procedure was terminated in order to avoid injury. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and the relatives were informed about the intraoperative findings. Angiography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed an aberrant course of the internal carotid artery (Figure 1).