Background Mental health sufferings due to the COVID-19 pandemic were reported in many countries worldwide. However, there is a lack of a validated Arabic tool to measure stress related to this pandemic in the Arab countries. This study aims to translate into Arabic and measure the psychometric characteristics of the previously developed English COVID Stress Scales (CSS). Using a forward-backward translation, the CSS was translated into Arabic and 22 jurors assessed its content validity. An online-based survey was carried out among 1080 university students (Egyptian and Saudi) to assess internal consistency and validity of the Arabic version (CSS-Arabic) using Cronbach’s α and factor analysis. Results The content validity indices of the scale were 0.943 and 0.932 for both relevance and clarity. The internal consistency of the total CSS-Arabic was satisfactory (with α = 0.94) within the acceptable range for different subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis reveals 5-factor model with 36 retained items similar to the original English CSS. Conclusions CSS-Arabic is a reliable and valid self-reporting tool for screening of stress due to COVID-19 among the university students. Further work should be done by healthcare providers to assess the magnitude of the stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Arabic NEQ generated a lower internal consistency score as compared to previous translations, but a similar factor structure. A cut score of 26 is similar to that determined significant for screening purposes in the original English version, and the proportion of those scoring above it is also similar to those of several international community samples. More research is needed to characterize night eating syndrome, its symptoms, and clinical impact in the Arabic culture.

No abstract

In an Egyptian context, in addition to identifying the direct and indirect effects of difficulties in emotion regulation on bullying, this study aims at identifying the order of bullying forms perceived by bullies and bullying victims. Moreover, the study aims at showing the differences of difficulties in emotion regulation among bullies, bullying victims and normal adolescents. The Bullying Scale and the Scale of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation were implemented to the main study sample which includes 86 Egyptian adolescents in addition to 100 adolescents for validation sample. The regression analysis mainly used to identify the direct and indirect effects of difficulties in emotion regulation and various forms of bullying among adolescents in addition to various statistical methods to identify other objectives. The bullying forms perceived by bullies were social bullying, psychological bullying and physical bullying respectively. Bullying forms perceived by bullying victims were physical bullying, psychological bullying and social bullying respectively. There were significant differences in difficulties in emotion regulation dimensions among bullies, bullying victims and normal adolescents. Mainly, the study suggested that there are direct and indirect effects of all the dimensions of difficulties in emotion regulation on bullying.