PurposeThere is a growing need for information regarding the recent coronavirus disease of 2019 . We present a comprehensive report of Covid-19 patients in Iran. MethodsOne hundred hospitalized patients with Covid-19 were studied. Data on potential source of exposure, demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features, therapy outcome, and post-discharge follow-up were analyzed. ResultsThe median age of the patients was 58 years, and the majority of the patients (72.7%) were above 50 years of age. Fever was present in 45.2% of the patients on admission. The most common clinical symptoms were shortness of breath (74%) and cough (68%). Most patients had elevated C-reactive protein (92.3%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (82.9%), lymphocytopenia (74.2 %) on admission. Lower lobes of the lung were most commonly involved, and ground-glass opacity (81.8%) was the most frequent finding in CT scans. The administration of hydroxychloroquine improved the clinical outcome of the patients. Lopinavir/ritonavir was efficacious at younger ages. Of the 70 discharged patients, 40% had symptom relapse, (8.6%) were readmitted to the hospital, and 3 patients (4.3%) died. ConclusionThis report demonstrates a heterogeneous nature of clinical manifestations in patients affected with Covid-19. The most common presenting symptoms are non-specific, so attention should be made on broader testing, especially in age groups with the greatest risk and younger individuals who can serve as carriers of the disease. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir (in younger age group) can be potential treatment options. Finally, patients discharged from the hospital should be followed up because of potential symptom relapse.

Background There is a growing need for information regarding the recent coronavirus disease of 2019 (Covid-19). We present a comprehensive report of Covid-19 patients in Iran.Methods One hundred hospitalized patients with Covid-19 were studied. Data on potential source of exposure, demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features, therapy outcome, and post-discharge follow-up were analyzed.Results The median age of the patients was 58 years, and the majority of the patients (72.7%) were above 50 years of age. Fever was present in 45.2% of the patients on admission. The most common clinical symptoms were shortness of breath (74%) and cough (68%). Most patients had elevated C-reactive protein (92.3%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (82.9%), lymphocytopenia (74.2 %) on admission. Lower lobes of the lung were most commonly involved, and ground-glass opacity (81.8%) was the most frequent finding in CT scans. The administration of hydroxychloroquine improved the clinical outcome of the patients. Lopinavir/ritonavir was efficacious at younger ages. Of the 70 discharged patients, 40% had symptom relapse, (8.6%) were readmitted to the hospital, and 3 patients (4.3%) died.Conclusions This report demonstrates a heterogeneous nature of clinical manifestations in patients affected with Covid-19. The most common presenting symptoms are non-specific, so attention should be made on broader testing, especially in age groups with the greatest risk and younger individuals who can serve as carriers of the disease. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir (in younger age group) can be potential treatment options. Finally, patients discharged from the hospital should be followed up because of potential symptom relapse.

Background: There is a growing need for information regarding the recent coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). We present a comprehensive report of COVID-19 patients in Iran. Materials and Methods: One hundred hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were studied. Data on potential source of exposure, demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features, therapy outcome, and postdischarge follow-up were analyzed. Results: The median age of the patients was 58 years, and the majority of the patients (72.7%) were above 50 years of age. Fever was present in 45.2% of the patients on admission. The most common clinical symptoms were shortness of breath (74%) and cough (68%). Most patients had elevated C-reactive protein (92.3%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (82.9%), and lymphocytopenia (74.2%) on admission. Lower lobes of the lung were most commonly involved, and ground-glass opacity (81.8%) was the most frequent finding in computed tomography scans. The administration of hydroxychloroquine improved the clinical outcome of the patients. Lopinavir/ritonavir was efficacious at younger ages. Of the 70 discharged patients, 40% had symptom aggravation, 8.6% were readmitted to the hospital, and three patients (4.3%) died. Conclusion: This report demonstrates a heterogeneous nature of clinical manifestations in patients affected with COVID19. The most common presenting symptoms are nonspecific, so attention should be made on broader testing, especially in age groups with the greatest risk and younger individuals who can serve as carriers of the disease. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir (in younger age group) can be potential treatment options. Finally, patients discharged from the hospital should be followed up because of potential symptom aggravation.

This paper innovatively analyses the joint occurrence of cognitive biases in groups of stock exchange investors. It considers jointly a number of common fallacies: confirmation bias, loss aversion, gambler’s fallacy, availability cascade, hot-hand fallacy, bandwagon effect, and Dunning–Kruger effect, which have hitherto been studied separately. The paper aims to highlight the diverse range of investor’s profiles which are characterised by such fallacies, and the considerable differences observed based on their age, stock market experience and perception of market trends. The analysis is based on k-means and hierarchical clustering, feature importance and Principal Component Analysis, which were applied to data from the Tehran Stock Exchange. There are a few essential findings which contribute to the existing literature. Firstly, the results show that gender does not have a role to play in diversifying the investors’ profiles. Secondly, cognitive biases are bundled, and we distinguish four investors’ profiles; thus, they should be analysed jointly, not separately. Thirdly, the exposure to cognitive biases differs significantly due to the individual features of investors. The group most vulnerable to almost all analysed biases are inexperienced investors, who are pessimistic about market developments and have invested a large amount. Fourthly, the ages of investors are essential only in connection with other factors such as experience, market perception and investment exposure. Young (20–40 years), experienced investors with huge investments (+1000 mln rials/+24,000 USD) are mostly less exposed to all biases and much less risk-averse. Additionally, older (50+) and experienced investors (5–10 years) who are more optimistic about trends (hot hand bias) were affected much less by cognitive biases, only showing vulnerability to the Dunning–Kruger effect. Fifthly, more than 40% of investors apply consultation and technical analysis approaches to succeed in trading. Finally, from a methodological perspective, this study shows that unsupervised learning methods are effective in profiling investors and bundling similar behaviours.