L’intégration d’un critère racial dans le règlement technique des produits animaux sous AOC est en nette augmentation depuis les années 90. Elle concerne aujourd’hui l’intégralité des fromages AOC au lait de brebis, la majorité des AOC carnées, environ la moitié (en quantité) de la production de fromage AOC au lait de vache et le tiers de celle de fromage de chèvre AOC. Des logiques régionales apparaissent clairement, traduisant ainsi les différentes conceptions de l’AOC portés par les acteurs de ces filières. Dans le cas de la production fromagère, nous avons estimé que l’équivalent de 6,5 % des vaches laitières et d’environ un tiers des brebis laitières sont mobilisées par des AOC. L’analyse détaillée selon les races révèle une grande diversité de situations. Les atouts de ce lien race/AOC sont analysés. Il apparaît que la race peut contribuer à la typicité des produits et permet ainsi d’étayer la notion d’origine, mais qu’elle peut, dans certains cas, n’être qu’un simple alibi marketing. On souligne l’importance de la cohérence entre règlement technique, pratiques d’élevage et aptitudes des animaux. A quelques exceptions près (race dédiée à une AOC), les interactions entre les collectifs de race et de produit demeurent complexes ; les conséquences en matière d’orientation génétique des races en sont discutées.
Varia Tensions entre ressources génétiques locales et ancrage territorial des produits. La race porcine corse dans un projet AOP Tensions between local genetic resources and territorial anchorage of local products: Nustrale pig breed and Corsican pork butcheries PDO project case study
In the mountainous areas of Europe with a humid climate, dairy cattle production is a major agricultural activity, and the milk is often processed into cheese according to protected designation of origin (PDO) specifications. We analyzed the extent to which PDO specifications and/or a mountain environment influence the spatial distribution of estimated breeding values (EBVs) of cows and the herd-year effects (HYEs) for milk yield (kg/lactation) and protein and fat contents (g/kg), as well as lactation ranks and calving months. The study focused on the northern French Alps. A total of 37 023 lactations, recorded in 2006, in 1153 herds were analyzed. The cows belonged to the Montbé liarde (21 516 lactations), Abondance (10 346 lactations) and Tarentaise (5161 lactations) breeds. The two factors of variation considered were the status of the commune where the farm was located in relation to PDO (three categories: area with no PDO, area with a PDO with no milk yield limit, area with a PDO with a milk yield limit) and 'mountain' environment (four categories based on the European regulation: plain, piedmont, mountain and high mountain). In the Abondance breed, the average lactation rank increased with an increase in production constraints due to the PDO or to a mountain environment. In the Abondance and Tarentaise breeds, grouping of calving in winter was most marked in the 'PDO with a milk yield limit' and 'high-mountain' categories. In the Tarentaise breed, no significant effect on any trait and any variable was found in the 'PDO' or 'mountain' categories. In the other two breeds, the average EBV for milk yield decreased with an increase in the constraints due to PDO, with differences of 226 and 93 kg between extreme values in the Abondance and Montbé liarde breeds, respectively. The average HYE for milk yield was higher in the Abondance breed in the 'PDO with no milk yield limit' category than in the other categories (1740 and 11110 kg, respectively); HYE was not affected by the 'PDO' factor in the Montbé liarde breed or by the 'mountain' factor in either breed. Concerning the protein and fat contents, the effect of the 'PDO' and 'mountain' factors depended on the trait, the variable and the breed. The proportion of individual decisions (the farmer makes the decision) v. collective decisions (breed management) concerning herd dynamics in the face of existing constraints is discussed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.